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Digitisation

Limit to: Digital imaging

Digitisation refers to the conversion of non-digital material to digital form (ie a form which uses a binary numerical code to represent variables). A wide variety of materials as diverse as maps, manuscripts, moving images and sound may be digitised.

While digitisation offers great advantages for access, allowing users to find, retrieve, study and manipulate material, reliance on digitisation as a preservation strategy could place much material at risk. Rapid obsolescence of digital technologies and media instability render the digitised object vulnerable to loss. While digitisation has sometimes been proposed as having a preservation advantage in terms of deflecting use from originals, it has also been asserted that enhanced awareness of a resource will result in greater demand for the originals.

The high costs associated with maintaining access to and describing digitised items make it sensible to consider long-term access at the point of capture. The US Library of Congress' American Memory project has developed specifications for images that, if longevity can be promised, they hope will serve the goals of preservation - ie will serve as reasonable substitutes in the event that the original item is lost or deteriorates. There has been much research and discussion about the requirements for high-quality representations.

As these requirements will inevitably differ according to the nature of the material to be digitised and its intended use, Anne Kenney advocates the formulation of "guidance" rather than "guidelines" for digital imaging (see "Guidelines Versus Guidance for Digital Imaging: the Opportunity Before Us", Joint RLG and NPO Preservation Conference 1998). Kenney and Chapman advise, "The objective is not to scan at the highest resolution and bit depth possible, but to match the conversion process to the informational content of the original - no more, no less ...We advocate full-informational capture in the creation of digital images and sufficient indexing at the point of conversion as the surest guarantee for providing long-term viability" ("Digital Conversion of Research Library Materials, A Case for Full Informational Capture"). They suggest that image quality should be confirmed by identifying and paying particular attention to the key meaningful features of the original. Post-processing (eg optical character recognition (OCR)) following digitisation should also be tested if it is a requirement. There will also inevitably be trade-offs between file size, image quality and functionality.

Built in as part of the digitisation process should be the assignment of metadata. Preservation metadata can be used to support preservation strategies, to help ensure authenticity, and to note rights management and collection management data. Following digitisation, decisions will also need to to be made about storage and compression.

According the the US Task Force, "few digital collections will warrant the costs involved in maintaining access over time without factoring in the value and the character of ongoing use." In selecting materials for digitisation, the benefits of the enhanced accessibility afforded by digitisation will be greatest for those materials which are in high demand. Materials which are also of high value and in deteriorating condition would benefit from digitisation, although carrying this out in the conjunction with microfilming ("the hybrid approach") will provide the best assurance of long-term accessibility. Various organisations have produced selection policies for digital conversion (for example, see "Guidance for selecting materials for digitisation" by P. Ayris and Cornell University's "Selecting traditional library materials for digitization").

The "hybrid approach" combines the advantages of digitisation for access with the long-term reliability of microfilm. This can be achieved either by creating preservation standard microfilm and scanning for digital access or beginning with a high-quality scan of the original and creating a computer-output microfilm (COM) for preservation.

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Articles

Historical 3D Culture on the Web
Gill, Tony In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 2001)
This article provides an overview of the use of three dimensional modelling and web technologies in allowing access to cultural heritage materials.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file2
118.html#featured
Historical 5th Joint Technical Symposium : Image and Sound Archiving and Access - the challenges of the 3rd Millennium: Abstracts
Joint Technical Symposium/Commission Superieure Technique de l'Image et du Son (Date Created: Jan 2000) (France)
Abstracts of papers and posters presented at this meeting are available in pdf.
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010230730/http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en
/index.htm
Full proceedings (book or CD-ROM) may be ordered from JTS Paris secretariat: http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en/index.htm#actes
Actualized Preservation Threats : Practical Lessons from Chronicling America
Littman, Justin In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jul 2007) (United States of America)
This article discusses 'lessons learned' about the long-term preservation of digital content based on experience during the development phase of Chronicling America by the National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP) development team when a number of preservation threats were actuated. The threats included media, hardware and software failures as well as operator errors.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july07/littman/07littman.html
Historical Applying the Lessons Learned from Retrospective Archiving to the Digital Archiving Conundrum
Heterick, Bruce (Date Created: 2002) (United States of America)
Since 1995 JSTOR has been converting back issues of paper journals into electronic formats. This article provides an overview of the activities of JSTOR in creating an archive of scholarly journals. Included in the piece is a summary of JSTOR’s mission; an explanation of who contributes and uses the archive; a discussion of principles considered fundamental to digital preservation; and a description of five main challenges in archiving electronic content (rights and responsibilities, content, functionality, migration and business model).
http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1wfdrr1waf8ddax8/
Available in Information Services & Use, Vol 22, Issue 2/3, 2002, pp. 113-120, ISSN 0167-5265
New Archiving and Management of Digital Images Based on an Embedded Metadata Framework
Chen, Chao-chen; Liu, Cjien-cheng (Date Created: 15 Oct 2009)
This paper presented at the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2009 (Seoul, Korea, 12-16 October 2009) discusses the importance of metadata for digital archives and proposes an embedded metadata framework to enable users or the system access to information on digital image files at any time.
http://dcpapers.dublincore.org/ojs/pubs/article/view/951/953
Proc. Int’l Conf. on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2009 pp. 71-84
Asking the Right Questions : The Role of the Conservator in Digital Projects
Paris, Jan (Date Created: 2008) (United States of America)
This article explains the criteria used by Jan Paris (University of North Carolina Chapel Hill) in deciding whether vulnerable material may be digitised and the impact of preservation and access considerations including reduced future handling, enabling value-added research and producing teaching aids.
http://liber.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000245/article.pdf
Liber Quarterly Vol 18, Issue 2, 2008 pp 310-320 and online at http://liber.library.uu.nl/
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Historical Automated Digitisation of Printed Material for Everyone: The METADATA ENGINE Project
Mühlberger, Günter In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 2002)
This article provides an overview of the principle and workflow of an automated digitisation and metadata generation system, developed by the European Union METADATA ENGINE Project co-ordinated by the University of Innsbruck. The system is capable of automatically creating both administrative and structural metadata for digitised material by combining systematic analysis of documents and layout, a database of rules based on a "grammar" of books and journals, and optical character recognition (OCR) and segmentation and heirarchical ordering technology.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
572.html#feature1
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Historical Automatic Exposure: Capturing Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
Research Libraries Group (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article explores a Research Libraries Group (RLG) initiative that seeks to enable cultural heritage institutions capture the data elements proposed by the draft standard, NISO Z39.87 Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images. This standard provides a set of data elements, essential to an institution’s ability to manage and preserve its digital images. Included in the article are ways cultural heritage institutions are dealing with the capture of technical metadata and gives examples of harvesting tools that have been employed by cultural heritage institutions world-wide.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/automaticexposure/ae_whitepa
per_2003.pdf
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Historical Benchmarking Conversion Costs: A Report from the Making of America IV Project
Bonn, Maria In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2002) (United States of America)
A report summarising the findings of the Making of America IV project, undertaken by the University of Michigan University Library with funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, in investigating "the costs and methods of using digital technologies for preserving and deploying monograph materials".
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file2
51.html#feature2
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Historical Best Practices for Digital Archiving: An Information Lifecycle Approach
Hodge, Gail In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2000)
This report is based on a study commissioned by the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI), in March 1999 to highlight the importance of digital archiving (long-term storage, preservation and access to information that is "born digital"). Project managers from a selection of projects including web archives were surveyed about the methods they were using in their project regarding: Creation; Acquisition and Collection Development; Identification and Cataloguing; Storage; Preservation; Access.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2000-hodge
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january00/01hodge.html
Bringing it on the Screen : the Munichian Mass Digitisation Projects
Wolf- Klostermann, Thomas (Date Created: 28 May 2008) (Germany)
This paper presented at INFORUM 2008 (14th Conference on Professional Information Resources, Prague, May 28-30, 2008) describes how the Digitisation Department of the Bavarian State Library Centre in Munich manages the large-scale digitisation of its copyright-free holdings with the support of the Lebniz Supercomputing Centre.
http://www.inforum.cz/pdf/2008/wolfklostermann-thomas-eng.pdf
British Library Digitisation : Access and Copyright
King, Ed (Date Created: 26 May 2008) (United Kingdom)
This paper presented at the World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada) describes recent digitisation initiatives at the British Library. The paper describes the background to the projects and related copyright issues and processes. Projects discussed include 19th Century newspapers, Out-of Copyright books and Archival Sound Recordings.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-King-en.pdf
Also available in French http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-King-trans-fr.pdf
Historical Building and Sustaining Digital Collections: Models for Libraries and Museums
Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) (Date Created: Aug 2001)
This meeting report looks at the challenges that cultural institutions face when putting collections online. Business case studies were presented which enabled participants to discuss issues such as property rights, organisational impacts and sustainability.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub100/pub100.pdf
Historical Can We Save Our Audio-visual Heritage?
Teruggi, Daniel In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Apr 2004)
PrestoSpace is the new FP6 integrated project, a major international initiative seeking to find preservation solutions for analogue media. The Programme deals with different components essential for preservation including restoration, storage, archive management and description (metadata). PestoSpace covers digital preservation of all types of audio-visual collections.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/
Canadian Mass Digitization : the University of Toronto Libraries Partnership with the Internet Archive - Historical Overview, Recent Issues and Future Implications
Bengston, Jonathon; Miller, Robert (Date Created: Aug 2008) (Canada)
This paper delivered at the World Library and Information Congress ; 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada) briefly outlines mass digitisation projects being undertaken by the University of Toronto Libraries in collaboration with the Internet Archive since late 2004.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-Bengtson_Miller-en.pdf
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Historical Canadian Overview
Turko, Karen (Last Updated: 18 Feb 1999) (Canada)
This paper discusses the Canadian approach to roles and responsibilities for preserving long-term access, digital preservation, and digitisation.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/09/28/0000073852/viewer/file1
235.html
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Historical Capturing Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
Dale, Robin L.; Waibel, Günter In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2004)
This article examines the importance of technical metadata in the preservation of digital images. It describes NISO (National Information Standards Organization) Z39.87 and the documentation of file formats, the development of a data dictionary independent of file formats by PREMIS, the automatic exposure initiative which will automate technical metadata collection and emerging developments in archival file formats.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
195.html#article1
Case Study : Lessons Learned through digitizing the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research Collection
Hatfield, Amy J.; Kelley, Shana D. (Date Created: Jul 2007) (United States of America)
This paper presents a case study in digitisation that illustrates the challenges of transforming a historical collection to a digital collection while attempting to retain the look and feel of the original historical materials at the Bioethics Digital Library. The Bioethics Digital Library is a collaboration between The Indiana University Center for Bioethics (IUCB) and the Ruth Lilly Medical Library (RLML), Indiana University School of Medicine.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1924953#i153
6-5050-095-03-0267-bedl1
Journal of the Medical Library Association 2007 July, 95(3): 267-270 and through PubMed
Historical Coming Crisis in Preserving Our Digital Cultural Heritage
Lynch, Clifford A (Date Created: 06 Jan 2003) (United States of America)
In this article the author explores the challenges that are facing cultural heritage institutions in relation to digital preservation. The author states that it is difficult for libraries to maintain their role of preserving society’s cultural and intellectual heritage due to the fact that an increasing amount of heritage is being produced in digital form. Constraints for librarians have arisen from digitisation and include areas such as legal rights and protections, both of which have made it difficult for copying and reformatting material. The article offers suggestions on how to address these problems, including making the preservation of intellectual and cultural record in digital form a public policy as well as a legal issue.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903396299~db=all~ord
er=page
Co-published in the Journal of Library Administration, (ISSN0193-0826) 38, 3/4, 2003 pp. 149-161 and : The Strategic Stewardship of Cultural Resources : To Preserve and Protect (ed: Andrea T. Merrill)
Historical Costs of Digital Imaging Projects
Puglia, S In: RLG DigiNews (Last Updated: 15 Oct 1999) (United States of America)
This article examines the digitisation process and assigns costs to digitisation projects including the long-term maintenance of digitised material.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
215.html#feature
Current State of Art in Newspaper Digitization : A Market Perspective
Klijn, Edwin In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2008) (Netherlands)
This article summarizes the results of surveys of companies involved in newspaper digitisation and additional information sessions on the current state of newspaper digitisation. It was undertaken by the Koninklijke Bibliotheek as part of its information gathering for its project Databank of Digital Daily Newspapers which aims to digitise 8 million pages of Dutch newspapers commencing 2007.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january08/klijn/01klijn.html
Historical Developing a 3D Digital Library for Spatial Data: Issues Identified and Description of Prototype
Rowe, Jeremy In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2002)
This article describes the Partnership for Research in Spatial Modelling (PRISM) project at Arizona State University, including background on the use of three dimensional modelling in digital library settings and the prototype collection of scanned data describing such objects developed during the project.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file2
089.html#feature1
Developing Services for Local History Research Through a Digitization Project: A Public Library Case Study
Trifunovic, Bogdan (Date Created: 27 Aug 2009) (Serbia)
This paper given at World Library and Information Congress: 75th IFLA General Conference and Council (23-27 August 2009, Milan, Italy) provides an overview of digitisation and development of the digital library at the Public Library of Čačak, Serbia. It discusses the new opportunities for online research in local history and genealogy and new services and interactions that have resulted from the digitisation of collections (books, newspapers, journals, postcards, posters, photos, audio-visual documents).
http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla75/204-trifunovic-en.pdf
Development of Cultural Heritage Digitisation and Access : Lithuanian Approach
Dauglia, Giedrius; Varnienė, Regina (Date Created: Oct 2007) (Lithuania)
This paper describes the approach and lessons learned in creating the Integrated Virtual Library System by memory institutions in Lithuania. The architecture and standards for file management and metadata and associated systems are described.
http://www.epaveldas.lt/vbspi/content/docs/publications/7_1.pdf
In P, Cunningham and M. Cunningham (eds.), Expanding the Knowledge Economy: Issues, Applications, Case Studies. pp. 1690- 1697
Historical On DigiPaper and the Dissemination of Electronic Documents
Huttenlocher, Dan; Moll, Angela In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2000)
This article describes DigiPaper, which enables documents to be disseminated with the formatting fixed in place, as intended by the creator. It is a new image-based document representation which combines the compression technologies of Mixed Raster Content (MRC) color image model and token-compression to achieve much smaller files than current image formats.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january00/moll/01moll.html
In D-Lib Magazine, Vol 6, No. 1
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Historical Digital Asset Management Systems for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector
DigiCULT Consortium (Date Created: Dec 2002)
The second of three thematic issue papers from the Preservation and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage Unit of the Information Society Directorate General of the European Commission Digital Assett Management Systems (DAMS) and their role in the cultural and scientific heritage communities. The journal includes papers that argue the need for DAMS to create renewable resources that can be managed through their entire life cycle, as well as listing system benifits and shortcoming of DAMS in the cultural heritage community. System designers, curators, digital collection managers and exponents of digitisation consider the role of the systems in the different sectors and highlight differing understandings and expectations.
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/thematic_issue_2_021204_low_resolut
ion.pdf
Historical Digital Atheneum - Restoring Damaged Manuscripts
Griffioen, James and Kiernan, Kevin; Seales, W. Brent In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Dec 1999)
This article describes a project which aims to uncover previously hidden text from damaged manuscripts using novel digitisation techniques.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file4
36.html#technical1
In RLG DigiNews: Volume 3, Number 6.
Historical Digital Conversion of Research Library Materials : A Case for Full Informational Capture
Chapman, Stephen; Kenney, Anne R. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Oct 1996)
This paper advocates a strategy to select research materials based on their intellectual value, and to define technical requirements for retrospective conversion to digital image form based on their informational content. The authors argue that there are compelling economic, access, and preservation reasons to support this approach.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october96/cornell/10chapman.html
Historical Digital Division is Cultural Exclusion. But Is Digital Inclusion Cultural Inclusion?
Worcman, Karen In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Mar 2002)
This article examines "the extent to which digital technologies and the Internet can be instruments of social and cultural inclusion" and "how the use of these technologies can be linked to the preservation of the history of a particular cultural group." It also notes the impacts of digital technology on history and the collective memory of communities and the challenges in overcoming digital exclusion of economically disadvantaged groups, in the creation and preservation of digital history and of sustainable projects and resources.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march02/worcman/03worcman.html
Historical Digital Formats for Content Reproductions
Fleischhauer, Carl; Library of Congress (Date Created: 13 Jul 1998) (United States of America)
This document was prepared, in part, to offer guidance to applicants in the Library of Congress/Ameritech competition. Guidance for digitisation projects is offered under the following headings: Pictorial Materials, Textual Materials Reproduced as Searchable Text and Images, Textual Materials Reproduced as Images, Maps, Sound Recordings, Moving-image Materials, and Headers for Computer Files.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/formats.html
Digital Heritage Preservation in Botswana: Problems and Prospects
Kalusopa, Trywell; Zulu, Saul (Date Created: Mar 2009) (Africa)
This article reports the findings of a study into the state of digital preservation in Botswana which was undertaken as part of a UNESCO Digital Heritage Preservation Project on the state of digital material preservation in Africa. The study focused on document production; digital heritage material preservation;. selection criteria used; digitisation standards; storage of digital resources and digital heritage materials; access; staffing and training for digitisation; policy and responsibility; and future digital material preservation plans.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/01604950910971125
Collection Building ISSN 0160-4953, 28/3 pp: 98-107
Digital Image Asset Management at the National Gallery of Art (US)
Dueker, Peter; Newman, Alan In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2006) (United States of America)
This article provides an overview of the National Gallery of Art's digital asset management strategy and system.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
650.html#article2
Digital Images Archiving Study : Final Draft
Anderson, Sheila [et al.] (Date Created: Mar 2006) (United Kingdom)
This article is part of a series of feasibility studies produced by the AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service) which aim to assess the preservation risk and retention criteria for digital content. The purpose of the Digital images study is to define the preservation requirements of digital image files and to determine archiving methodologies and future research directions. Issues discussed include the properties of digital images, preservation methods, images metadata, life cycle models and assessing preservation costs.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/FinaldraftImagesArchivingStud
y.pdf
Digital Imaging - How Far Have We Come and What Still Needs to be Done?
Puglia, Steven; Rhodes, Erin In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2007)
This article considers progress, achievements and the future of digital imaging.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
37.html#article2
Historical Digital Imaging and Preservation Microfilm: the Future of the Hybrid Approach for the Preservation of Brittle Books
Chapman, S.; Conway, P.; Kenney, A. (Last Updated: 1998)
This working paper examines the dual use of microfilming for preservation and digital imaging for enhancing access to material in brittle books.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/archives/hybridintro.html
Historical Digital Imaging for Photographic Collections: Foundations for Technical Standards
Frey, F.; Image Permanence Institute In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 1997)
This report provides guidance based on findings from a project carried out by the Image Permanence Institute (IPI) to investigate the key technical issues encountered in digitising library and archives photographic collections.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
801.html#com
Digital Negative (DNG)
Adobe Systems Inc. (Date Created: Oct 2004)
Adobe has announced a new public format for raw digital camera files, the Digital Negative (DNG) file format. DNG offers an open format for archiving proprietary raw files from a diverse range of cameras by different manufacturers, which has positive implications for their long-term preservation. Adobe has also launched a freely available software tool, the Adobe DNG converter, which can translate many of the proprietary files in use today into the new format. Both the Adobe DNG converter and the DNG file format specification are available for download.
http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/main.html
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Historical Digital Preservation?
Waters, D. In: CLIR issues (Date Created: Nov 1998)
Donald Waters discusses the relationship between digitisation and digital preservation and concludes: "there is no evidence that digitization addresses any serious preservation issues...Where substantial preservation resources are desperately needed is in trying to ensure the persistence of the growing proportion of the cultural record that is born and struggles to survive in the digital environment."
http://www.clir.org/pubs/issues/issues06.html#digital
Historical Digital Technology Made Simpler
Conway, P. (Last Updated: 1999)
This technical leaflet defines digital technologies from the perspective of communication and coding, describes the key components of a digital imaging system and the most important steps in the digital imaging process and finally poses questions that need to be considered as libraries and archives begin to use digitisation as a tool for transforming the way they operate.
http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/6Reformatting/03DigitalTechnol
ogy.php
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Historical Digitisation of European Cultural Heritage: Products-Principles-Techniques: Proceedings
, Utrecht Universiteit Utrecht (Last Updated: Feb 2000)
Proceedings of conference held 21-23 Oct 1999 at Utrecht University, Amsterdam.
http://www.cs.uu.nl/events/dech1999/dech.htm
Historical Digitisation of Library Materials: Report of the Concertation Meeting and Workshop held in Luxembourg 14 December 1998
European Commission. Directorate General XIII-E/4. Telematics for Libraries. Ed. Marc Fresko, Applerace Ltd. (Date Created: Jan 1999) (Luxembourg)
Proceedings of a Concertation Meeting and Workshop organised by the European Commission, Directorate General XIII-E/4, Telematics for Libraries which brought together many with experience in creating digital copies of materials held in libraries. A discussion of metadata for managing digital objects is included as is a comparative study of digital preservation guidelines.
ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/ist/docs/digicult/digit.pdf
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Historical Digitization as a Means of Preservation?
Dorr, M.; Weber, H. (Date Created: Oct 1997) (Germany)
This report is the result of a study commissioned by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Association) to investigate the relationship between digitisation and microfilming and how the two may be profitably combined for optimal access and maximum preservation.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/digpres/digpres.html
Historical Digitization As A Preservation Practice: Look Before You Leap
Maroso, Amy Lynn (Date Created: Dec 2003)
The author stresses that although a collection may be digitised, it does not automatically mean it has been preserved. Obsolescence and file migration are major issues that librarians need to consider if future generations are to have access to digital collections.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a902889349~db=all~ord
er=page
Available in The Serials Librarian, Vol. 45, No 2, December 2003, pp. 27-37, ISSN 0361-526X or online at http://haworthpress.com/store/E-Text/ViewLibraryEText.asp
Historical Digitization in an Archival Environment
McKay, Sally (Date Created: 2003)
This article concentrates on the disadvantages of digitization, particularly with regard to cultural institutions. Legal, technical and selection issues are discussed. There is a short section on digital preservation issues associated with digitised materials.
http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v04n01/Mckay_s01.htm
in E-JASL Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship, vol. 4, no.1, (Winter 2003)
Digitization in Australasia
Cathro, Warwick (Date Created: Mar 2007) (Australia; New Zealand)
This paper provides an overview of major digitisation projects in Australia and New Zealand libraries and the challenges of large scale digitisation including newspapers.
http://serials.uksg.org/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&back
to=issue,5,19;journal,8,65;browsepublicationsresults,2,2;
In Serials The Journal for the Serials Community, ISSN 0953-0460 , Volume 20, Number 1 / March 2007 pp 9-15
Digitizing Audio for the National Gallery of the Spoken Word and the African Online Digital Library: Working Paper
Michigan State University (Africa)
This paper outlines some of the key concepts in speech digitization and a working model for digitizing speech for archival purposes.
http://www.aodl.org/westafrica/audio.php
Digitizing Dissertations for an Institutional Repository : A Process and Cost Analysis
Palmer, Lisa A.; Piorun, Mary (Date Created: Jul 2008) (United States of America)
"This paper describes the Lamar Soutter Library's process and costs associated with digitizing 300 doctoral dissertations for a newly implemented institutional repository at the University of Massachusetts Medical School."
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2479051
Journal of the Medical Library Association, 2008 July, 96(3):223-229 and through PubMed
Historical Digitizing Historic Newspapers: Progress and Prospects
Deegan, Marilyn; King, Edmund; Steinvel, Emil In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Aug 2002)
This article describes a system for the automated digitisation of newspapers and provision of searchable online versions, coupling automatic page zoning, optical character recognition (OCR), segmentation and XML markup for page representation. Examples from the British Library Demonstrator for the process are included.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file7
30.html#feature2
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Historical Digitizing the World's Largest Collection of Natural Sounds : Key Factors to Consider when Transferring Analog-Based Audio Materials to Digital Formats
Grotke, Robert W In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Feb 2004) (United States of America)
This article provides an overview of the steps undertaken by the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at Cornell University (USA) in converting its analog tape-based sound collection to digital storage. The article describes the Library's choices regarding digital media and data format selection, quality standards for data creation, monitoring of the archive and long-term storage.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
683.html#article0
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Historical Digitizing, Archiving and Preserving Japanese Cultural Heritage
Harada, Hisayoshi In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2003) (Japan)
This article describes the current activities and initiatives at the National Diet Library in creating a National Digital Library Digitization Project. Copyright is discussed, especially in regard to networked digital publications. The National Diet Library also has several projects planned, including WARP (Web Archiving Project) and DNAVI (the NDL Database Navigation Service). The National Diet Library has also begun research and study for long term preservation of digital information to make the public aware of its importance. A three year project began in 2002 to set up comprehensive guidelines and policies for long term preservation strategies.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
230.html#feature1
Historical DoD-NARA Scanned Images Standards Conference
MacTavish, Sue In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 1999) (United States of America) Reviewed by: DoD-NARA Scanned Images Standards Conference
This technical feature reviews the proceedings of a Scanned Images Standards Conference, sponsored by the US Department of Defense (DoD) and National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The conference reviewed imaging standards and examined the status of selected imaging projects.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file3
585.html#technical1
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Historical DoD-NARA Scanned Images Standards Conference
Research Libraries Group In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 1999) (United States of America)
This article provides an overview of the papers presented at the conference.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file3
585.html#technical1
Historical Editors Interview: JPEG 2000
Lee, Daniel In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2002)
An interview with Dr Daniel Lee, convenor of ISO's JPEG group, about JPEG 2000, an emerging alternative image encoding format offering advantages over the current JPEG standard, including lossless compression and support for multiple resolutions.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file8
82.html#interview
FAQ: The Missing Dimension in Web-based Museum Exhibitions: Obstacles to Adding Depth to Digital Data
Entlich, Richard In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2006)
This article discusses the development of virtual museum exhibitions based on three dimensional imagery on the web,and the obstacles to creation, dissemination and management.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
650.html#article5
Finding Institutional Courage : Copyright in an Age of Mass Digitization
Okerson, Ann (Date Created: 18 Nov 2006) (United States of America)
This article describes copyright issues surrounding digitisation projects being undertaken at Yale University particularly those involving Middle Eastern collection material.
http://www.library.yale.edu/~okerson/Okerson-ICUDL06.doc
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Historical Future Directions in Access and Preservation Technologies and New Electronic Formats
Webb, Colin (Date Created: Oct 1996) (Australia)
This paper, presented at the (Australian) National Conservation and Preservation Strategy Public Forum provides an overview of recent technological developments which assist in both providing access and protecting original materials, and addresses the challenges posed by the need to preserve information found in new electronic formats. A section entitled "What Issues and Barriers need to be Dealt with in Relation to Digitisation as a Preservation Strategy?" discusses digitisation and its relationship to digital preservation.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/cwebb3.html
Gallica 2 : Experimentation d'une Offre Numerique Iincluant des Documents Soumis au Droit D’Auteur
Scotti, Lucien (Date Created: 10 Jun 2008) (France)
This paper presented at the World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada), outlines a one year experimental project using the French prototype of the European Library to enable wide access to copyrighted digital documents, via Gallica 2. The Bibliothèque nationale de France, the Syndicat national de l’Edition (French Publishers Association), the Direction du Livre et de la lecture (Book and Reading Directorate) and the Centre national du Livre (National Center for the Book) are working collaboratively to find legal and technical solutions and a business model to allow online access to recently published books with strict observance of the copyright law. Further information about the experiment (English version) is available from the BnF.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-Scotti-fr.pdf
Going Digital: Issues in Digitisation for Public Libraries
EARL: The Consortium for Public Library Networking (Date Created: 6 Feb 2001) (United Kingdom)
An issue paper from EARL's Networked Services Policy Taskgroup, prepared by Neil Beagrie. The principal considerations for public libraries and related organisations in developing digitisation projects are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the life-cycle approach to record creation and the importance of sustaining access through effective preservation strategies.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/public/earl/issuepapers/digitisation.htm
Historical Guidance for Selecting Materials for Digitisation
Ayris, P. (Date Created: Feb 1999) (United Kingdom)
Ayris identifies a number of recent studies and existing guidelines for the selection of material for digitisation and proposes a decision-making matrix to support selection activities in the digitisation process.
http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00000492/
Historical Guidelines for Image Capture
Chapman, S. (Date Created: Feb 1999)
Five topics related to digital image capture are reviewed, with the objective of identifying the points in the reformatting workflow that would most benefit from the development of guidelines. They are: materials handling, systems quality, digital master quality, derivatives, and file naming. Each of the five sections includes introductory comments, a list of issues, a review of technology, and a summary of practice to gauge where perspectives are similar and where they vary. The sections conclude with lists of questions to promote further discussion.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/09/28/0000073852/viewer/file2
55.html
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Historical Guidelines vs. Guidance for Digital Imaging: The Opportunity Before Us
Kenney, A. (Date Created: Feb 1999) (United States of America)
In this keynote address, Kenney proposes some "guiding principles" for digital imaging, warning against the dangers of adopting hard-and-fast guidelines. She also states: "The primary use of digital imaging into the near future will be to improve access. It may also be used for preservation and access, but not just for preservation purposes alone."
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/09/28/0000073852/viewer/file1
098.html
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Historical Incentives to Preserve Digital Material : Roles, Scenarios and Economic Decision-Making
Lavoie, Brian F. (Date Created: Apr 2003)
"Economic issues are a principal component of the research agenda for digital preservation. Economics is, fundamentally, about incentives, so a study of the economics of digital preservation should begin with an examination of the incentives to preserve. Appropriate incentives are fundamental to the development of economically sustainable digital preservation activities. This white paper identifies the key decision-making roles in the digital preservation process, characterizes a core set of organizational models under which decision-makers might undertake digital preservation, and examines the implications of these models for the incentives to preserve digital materials."
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/digipres/incentives-dp.pdf
International Preservation News No. 46 (IPN 46): Preservation of Audiovisual Collections Still Images and Sound
IFLA-PAC (Date Created: Dec 2008)
This issue of International Preservation News, IPN 46 is devoted to the preservation of audiovisual collections, still images and sound. Articles of particular interest include: Digitization of Transparencies by Pierre Hauri; Digitization of Sound Archives at the National Library of France by Dominique Théron; and a group of articles on Preservation of Audiovisual Collections in Developing Countries.
http://archive.ifla.org/VI/4/news/ipnn46.pdf
International Preservation News No. 46, I ISSN 0890 - 4960, December 2008
Historical Introduction to Imaging : Issues in Constructing an Image Database
Besser, Howard; Trant, Jennifer (Last Updated: 2003)
This site introduces the technology and vocabulary of digital imaging as they relate to the development of image databases depicting works found in museum collections. It illustrates the choices that must be made when images are captured, and outlines the areas in which institutional strategies regarding the use of imaging technologies must be developed.
http://www.getty.edu/research/institute/standards/introimages/index.ht
ml
Revised edition 2003 available online and in print from the Getty Bookshop http://www.getty.edu/bookstore/titles/imagingrev.html
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Historical Joint RLG and NPO Conference on Guidelines for Digital Imaging
Beagrie, Neil; Elkington, Nancy In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 1998)
Report from RLG DigiNews, 15 Oct 1998, Vol 2, No 5
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
642.html#feature1
Legibility and Large-Scale Digitization
York, Jeremy (Date Created: Nov 2008) (United States of America)
This report (49 p.) for the Hathi Trust considers the factors that affect legibility of digital materials on computer screens and as print-on-demand products from digital files in the context of large-scale digitisation projects. Compression is briefly considered and the factors that affect print readability and brightness contrast are discussed in detail.
http://www.hathitrust.org/technical_reports/Legibility.pdf
Life Beyond the Paper Graphic Index : Evaluating Geographic Retrieval Technologies for the Future Map Library
Fleet, Chris (Date Created: Oct 2008) (United Kingdom)
This article discusses web-mapping technologies, geographical retrieval technologies and alternatives for making available historical maps on the web. The National Library of Scotland website is used as a case study of the longer term priorities that should guide future work and practical compromises due to resource limitations.
http://liber.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000253/article.pdf
Liber Quarterly Vol 18, Issue 2, 2008 pp 255-270 online at http://liber.library.uu.nl/
A Marathon Not a Sprint : Lessons Learnt From the First Decade of Digitisation at the National Library of Wales
Jones, R. Arwel (Date Created: 2008) (United Kingdom)
This article is an overview of developments in digitisation policy and practice at the National Library of Wales 1995-2007.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/article?title=marathon&title_type
=tka&author=jones&year_from=2003&year_to=2008&database=1&pageSize=20&i
ndex=1
Program: electronic library and information systems, ISSN 0033-0337, vol. 42 no. 2 , 2008 pp 97-114 and by subscription to Emeral Insight.
Mass Book Digitization : The Deeper Story of Google and the Open Content Alliance
Leetaru, Kalev In: First Monday (Date Created: 06 Oct 2008) (United States of America)
This article compares the mass digitisation initiatives of Google and the Open Content Alliance (OCA). It considers their relationship and similarities and explores their transparency, metadata management and long term sustainability of rights management models.
http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/210
1/2037
Mass Digitization for Research and Study: The Digitization Strategy of the Bavarian State Library
Ceynowa, Klaus (Date Created: 04 Jun 2008) (Germany)
This paper delivered at the World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council (10-14 August 2008, Québec, Canada), outlines the Bavarian State Library's digitisation strategy, its willing embrace of mass digitisation in order to position itself as an international research library in the digital era.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-Ceynowa-en.pdf
Available in French and Russian translations. http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-Ceynowa-trans-fr.pdf and http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/139-Ceynowa-trans-ru.pdf
Mass Digitization: Implications for Information Policy
U.S. National Commisssion on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) (Date Created: 09 Apr 2006) (United States of America)
This report is from "Scholarship and Libraries in Transitions: A Dialogue About the Impacts of Mass Digitization Projects" Symposium held on March 10-11, 2006 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. It considers the potential impact on national information policy by the mass digitization project by Google and five major research libraries and identifies nine issues. 1. How should important aspects of copyright be handled in digitization projects?; 2. Quality (OCR, content & authentication; 3. Roles & responsibilities for libraries; 4. Long-term ownership, preservation and preserving the public record; 5. Standardization and interoperability; 6. Roles of publishers and booksellers; 7. Business models & effect of open access movement; 8. Information literacy;and, 9. Assessment.
http://74.11.214.110/digitization/MassDigitizationSymposium-Report.pdf
Historical Meeting the Challenge of Film Research in the Electronic Age
Arnold, Stephen; Owen, Catherine; Pearson, Tony In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Mar 2000)
This article, from the Performing Arts Data Service (PADS), talks about the "challenges facing library professionals and those working in film archives in building online collections of data for use in film research and teaching". Aspects such as documentation and film cataloguing and rights management issues are covered.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/owen/03owen.html
In D-Lib Magazine, Vol 6, No. 3
Myths and Fallacies of Digital Photographs and Their Preservation
Becker, Christoph; Rauber, Andreas (Date Created: 31 Mar 2009)
This Digital Preservation Europe briefing paper reviews the challenges of preserving digital photographs and outlines recommendations for best practices to ensure future accessibility.
http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/briefs/digital_ph
otographs_and_their_preservation.pdf
Digital Preservation Europe Briefing Paper
NCD Recommendation for the National Standard for Describing Digitized Heritage in Serbia
Butigan-Vuˇcaj, Tamara; Marinkovi´c, Bojan; Ognjanovi´c, Zoran (Date Created: 11 Oct 2007) (Serbia)
This paper delivered at MTSR'07 (2nd International Conference on Metadata and Semantics Research, 11-12 October 2007, Corfu, Greece) presents a proposal for the national standard for describing digitized assets of movable heritage in Serbia which was made by the Serbian National Center for Digitization.
http://www.mtsr.ionio.gr/proceedings/ognjanovic.pdf
In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Metadata and Semantics Research (CD-ROM), Ionian Academy, Corfu, Greece.”
News Preservation
Center for Research Libraries (Date Created: Feb 2009)
This issue of CRL's Focus on Global Resources newsletter has a foreword on CRL’s news preservation efforts, provides a summary and details the outcomes of “On the Record” A Forum on Electronic Media and the Preservation of News held at the New York Public Library Humanities and Social Sciences Library October 23-24, 2008. Also included is an update on the World Newspaper Archive and issues surrounding digitisation of newspaper backfiles and preservation of digital newspapers.
http://www.crl.edu/focus/winter-2008-09
CRL Focus on Global Resources newsletter Winter 2008-2009 Volume 28 . Number 2
Norwegian National Digital Library
Takle, Marian In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Jul 2009) (Norway)
This article provides an overview of the Norwegian National Digital Library (NBdigital), the role of the National Library of Norway in its establishment and the library's digitisation strategy to digitise all Norwegian material. It briefly introduces the library's storage archive, the Digital Security Repository and priorities for digitisation.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue60/takle/
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Historical Preservation of Digitized Reproductions
Society of American Archivists Council (Date Created: 9 Jun 1997) (United States of America)
This statement of principles covers the issues of preservation of digitised material, selection for digitisation, quality of converted digital material, integrity and long-term access.
http://www.archivists.org/statements/digitize.asp
Preservation Policies and Digitisation in Greek Libraries and Archives : An Investigation of Issues and Implications
Bounia, Alexandra; Gkinni, Zoitsa; Pavlogeorgatos, Gerasimos (Date Created: Sep 2008) (Greece)
This paper delivered at the 2008 Annual Conference of CIDOC (Athens, September 15 – 18, 2008) presents the results of research about the current preservation status of the General State Archives and the Municipal Libraries in Greece in the context of current digitisation projects and the potential to sustainably support digitised collections.
http://www.cidoc2008.gr/cidoc/Documents/papers/drfile.2008-06-18.31954
92503
Historical Preserving Oral History Recordings
Bradley, Kevin; Webb, Colin In: Ariadne (Date Created: Mar 1997) (Australia)
This paper discusses the practical realities, and implications, of introducing digital technology into the sound preservation functions of the National Library of Australia.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue8/oral-history/
Project Saaga - Case Study
Terav, Martin (Date Created: May 2006) (Estonia)
This article describes the Estonian Heritage Archives digitisation project Saaga (www.eha.ee/saaga ) which is digitising microfilm of genealogical interest. While the primary purpose is to increase access, preservation is an offshoot and taking into account digital preservation requirements is considered good practice.
http://archive.ifla.org/VI/4/news/ipnn38.pdf
In International Preservation News No 38, May 2006 pp 22-23. In English with summaries in French & Spanish
Historical Re-inventing the Wheel? Standards, Interoperability and Digital Cultural Content
Gill, Tony; Miller, Paul In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2002)
This article focusses on the concept of interoperability for digital cultural content, the rise of multiple standards seeking to achieve wide usefulness, portability and longevity for such content, and the aim for agreement on a common framework of standards, supported by UKOLN, CIMI and Resource in hosting the International Seminar on National Digital Cultural Content Creation Strategies. Links to the meeting documents and an invitation to join the interoperability public mailing list are included.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january02/gill/01gill.html
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Historical Relevance of Preservation in a Digital World
Conway, P. (Date Created: Feb 1999)
This technical leaflet suggests a framework for understanding preservation in the digital context by creating a bridge from the five core principles of traditional preservation practice: longevity, choice, quality, integrity, and access. The essay describes how the purposes that preservation serves have broadened. It describes the transformation of preservation principles and outlines a perspective that reaffirms the relevance of preservation in the digital world.
http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/6Reformatting/04RelevanceOfPre
servation.php
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Historical Report of the Digital Preservation Policy Working Group on Establishing a Central Depository for Preserving Digital Image Collections, Part 1: Responsibilities of Transferee
Kenney , Anne R. ; Rieger, Oya Y. (Date Created: Mar 2001) (United States of America)
The Digital Preservation Policy Working Group of Cornell University Library's plan for establishing a central depository as part of a digital preservation solution for Cornell's digital image collections is based on two recommendations: the formation of such a centralised depository for ensuring continuing access to the collections, and collaboration with transferees to provide both access and security to deposited files. This report, in PDF format, represents the first part of that plan and defines requirements for transfer of materials to the central depository and indicates the depository's possible roles and responsibilities.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/imls/image%20deposit%20guidelines.pdf
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Safeguarding of the Audio Heritage: Ethics, Principles and Preservation Strategy
IASA Technical Committee (Last Updated: Dec 2005)
This paper identifies problem areas and proposes recommended practices for sound and AV archives for today's technical environment. These recommendations are a balance between the ideal situation and the real world that we inhabit. They are intended to help the reader to focus on the various issues relating to responsible audio archiving practice.
http://www.iasa-web.org/downloads/publications/TC03_English.pdf
Seamless Cyberinfrastructure : The Challenges of Studying Users of Mass Digitization and International Repositories
Schmitz, Dawn (Date Created: Apr 2008)
This report examines knowledge of the users of institutional repositories (IRs) and collections created by mass digitization projects. It provides an overview of the literature published since 2003 on users and user issues relating to mass digitization; studies on user behaviour; and outlines some methodologies for studying electronic resource user behaviours and preferences and how these might be applied to increase understanding of users of IRs and mass-digitized collections.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/archives/schmitz.pdf
Historical Selecting Research Collections for Digitization
Hazen, Dan; Horrell, Jeffrey; Merrill-Oldham, Jan (Date Created: Aug 1998)
This paper proposes a model of the decision-making process required of research libraries when they embark on digital conversion projects. Questions posed include ones relating to long term preservation requirements.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/hazen/pub74.html
Historical Stairways to Digital Heaven? Preserving Oral History Recordings at the National Library of Australia
National Library of Australia; Webb, Colin (Last Updated: 13 Nov 1996) (Australia)
The National Library of Australia embarked on a program of digital conversion for its large Oral History collection. This paper provides some of the context for this project and the planning processes involved in the decision to digitise. The process is then described, with some discussion of advantages and disadvantages, and some issues for the future.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/cwebb2.html
Storing Your Digital Images
Bockaert, Vincent (Date Created: 2006)
This article examines two digital image storage methods - hard disk and optical storage,. The methods are examined in terms of costs, data stability, data recovery and long term storage.
http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Storage/Issues_01.htm
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Historical Strategies for Building Digitized Collections
Smith, Abby (Date Created: Sep 2001) (United States of America)
In this report, Abby Smith, of the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), distills the 10 years' experience that libraries have had in digitising collection items for online access. Along with case studies, the report outlines rationales for digitisation, selection of material and the impact on institutions, including funding, collection management and preservation issues. Recommendations from the report focus on clarity in purpose, selection, costing, target audience, metadata schemes and online availability.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub101abst.html
Available online as full text or PDF, or for purchase in print
Survey of Record-Keeping Practices of Photographers using Digital Technology
Bushey, Jessica (Date Created: 28 Aug 2005)
This survey is part of the InterPARES 2 focus area on artistic activities. Digital photography is used in many areas including for artistic, industrial, scientific, medical and e-government purposes. The survey’s objectives are to gather data relating to the types of records that are produced by professional photographers using digital technology, their assumptions regarding the access to their records over the long-term and the nature and variety of digital imagery and record-keeping systems they use. The analysis of the data will provide the basis for the production of guidelines for digital photography which will be written by InterPARES.
http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=ip2_digital_photo_recor
dkeeping_report.pdf
Historical Three Manufacturers form PASS Group to Safeguard Files
Digital Photography Review (Date Created: 27 Sep 2004)
Konica Minolta, Fuji Film and Eastman Kodak have formed the Picture Archiving and Sharing Standard (PASS) Group.This press release outlines this important step in the development of a set of storage standards which will enable viewing of digital photos that are saved on CDs, DVDs and other media in the long term. Although initially aimed at the consumer market, the standard could have implications for all sectors.
http://www.dpreview.com/news/0409/04092705pass_group.asp
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Historical Why Digitize?
Smith, Abby In: CLIR Reports (Date Created: Feb 1999)
This report provides a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of digitising culturally significant material. It warns of the risks of assuming that digitisation will fulfil a preservation function.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub80-smith/pub80.html

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Books

Historical Digital Futures: Strategies for the Information Age
Deegan, Marilyn; Tanner, Simon (Last Updated: 2001) (United Kingdom)
This book takes a strategic approach to the development and implementation of digital technologies in the library sector including digitisation, resource discovery, preservation and digital libraries.
ISBN: 1-85604-411-4
http://www.facetshop.co.uk/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=1&P
roduct_Code=580-3&Category_Code=
Digital Imaging: A Practical Handbook
Lee, Stuart (Date Created: Oct 2000)
An introductory guide to digital imaging for library and information practitioners by Stuart Lee. The successive stages in the digitisation process are outlined, and issues such as preservation and access, and metadata and delivery, are addressed.
ISBN: 1-85604-353-3
To order contact:Bookpoint Ltd, Mail Order Department, 39 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4TD#24.95Tel: 01235 400 400 Fax: 01235 400 454 E-mail: orders@bookpoint.co.uk
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Historical Guidelines On Best Practices For Using Electronic Information
European Commission (DLM Forum) (Date Created: 1997)
These multidisciplinary guidelines (61 p.), developed at the 1996 DLM Forum, help to define short and medium-term strategies for managing and preserving electronic information.
ISBN: 92-828-2285-0
http://dlmforum.typepad.com/gdlines.pdf
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Historical Handbook for Digital Projects : A Management Tool for Preservation and Access
Sitts, Maxine K (Ed) (Date Created: Dec 2000) (United States of America)
A web resource providing information on the issues surrounding the digital conversion of collection materials. With contributions from many of the School for Scanning series presenters, it provides information on project selection and management, technical and copyright considerations, digital longevity and includes commentary on the transformation in scholarly access and preservation tenets required to fully utilize and maintain digital images.
ISBN: 0-9634685-4-5
http://www.nedcc.org/resources/digitalhandbook/dman.pdf
also available as a print copy.
Historical Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives
Kenney, Anne R.; Rieger, Oya Y. (Date Created: Apr 2000) (United States of America)
An RLG sponsored publication on digitization and digital preservation designed to assist in creating integrated digital imaging projects. Topics discussed include digital conversion, benchmarking, quality control, metadata, access and retrieval, image management and web delivery, digital preservation and the development and sustainability of digital imaging initiatives. It includes extra commentary from more than 50 experts in their field and numerous additional reference sources. Winner of the Society of the American Archivists 2001 Waldo Leland Gifford Award.
ISBN: 0-9700225-0-6
http://www.oclc.org/programs/publications/reports.htm
Available for dowload as PDF from OCLC Corporate Library Collection http://library.oclc.org/index.php
Historical Parallel Lives : Digital and Analog Options for Access and Preservation : Papers Given at the National Preservation Office and King's College London Held 10 November 2003 at the British Library
National Preservation Office, The British Library (Date Created: 2004) (United Kingdom)
The papers in this conference proceedings (84 p.) cover a range of digitisation projects including The Burney Collection of Newspapers, NEWSPLAN 2000, The Old Bailey Online, and photographic collections of the National Monuments Record. Also covered are issues including policy and planning for digitisation, costs and lifecycle management of originals and surrogates for long term use.
ISBN: 0712348677
http://www.bl.uk/npo/pdf/conf2003.pdf
Permanent Pixels : Building Blocks for the Longevity of Digital Surrogates of Historical Photographs
Van Horik, Rene (Date Created: Oct 2005)
This in-depth (220 p.) publication concentrates on the long term preservation of digital surrogates. The book presents a detailed examination of digital preservation strategies, file format standards, metadata schemas and a discussion of some experiments on the longevity of the digital surrogates.
ISBN: 9069844621
http://www.knaw.nl/publicaties/pdf/20051103.pdf
DANS Studies in Digital Archiving, no. 1
Preservation in the Age of Large-Scale Digitization a White Paper
Rieger, Oya (Date Created: Feb 2008)
This paper examines large-scale digitisation initiatives to identify issues that will influence the availability and usability over time of the electronic books that are produced. It is a broad scope document touching on preservation, management, digital preservation, long term return and effects on collections, research and collaboration.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub141/contents.html
CLIR Report Pub 141
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Historical In the Picture: Preservation and Digitisation of European Photographic Collections
Klijn, Edwin; de Lusenet, Yola (Date Created: Aug 2000) (Netherlands)
This report sponsored by the European Commission on Preservation and Access focuses on photographic collections in European institutions with an emphasis on digitization projects and preservation practices. The findings discussed in the report were mainly collected from responses to a questionnaire. The survey results noted the need for substantial investment of resources, the need for more knowledge and appropriately trained staff, and observed the underestimation of description required, and metadata is under-utilised.
ISBN: 90-6984-294-7
http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/PUBL/pdf/885.pdf

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Events

2006 National Digital Forum Conference : Participating with Communities : Digital opportunities, Collaborations and Celebrations
30 Nov - 01 Dec 2006 , Soundings Theatre, Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, (New Zealand)
The conference focused on creating digital content for the future. What will be expected of museums, archives, and libraries to reach end-user communities in the future, and what needs to be done today? Conference themes include discussion on national identity, the National Digital Content Strategy, standards, community content contribution, and emerging trends.
http://ndf.natlib.govt.nz/about/forum2006.htm
Presentations in PDF, video streaming and video downloads available.
2007 National Digital Forum : Digital Realities - Communities, Convergence and Sustainability
29 - 30 Nov 2007 , Wellington Town Hall, New Zealand (New Zealand)
This conference focused on communities and digital cultural heritage. It includes talks on National and international initiatives.
http://ndf.natlib.govt.nz/about/forum2007.htm
Abstracts available from this URL, Powerpoint presentations and some video recordings of the conference are available on the GOVIS website: http://richmedia.govis.org.nz/
2009 Conference and Members' Meeting of the TEI Consortium: Text Encoding in the Era of Mass Digitization
11 - 15 Nov 2009 , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
TEI Consortium
(United States of America)
This conference is organized around the theme 'text encoding in the era of mass digitization'. It will feature keynote lectures, parallel sessions, the annual TEI business meeting, a poster session/tools demonstration and slam, and special interest group (SIG) meetings.
http://www.lib.umich.edu/spo/teimeeting09/
2009 National Digital Forum Conference : Being Online Now: Culture Creativity and Community
23 - 24 Nov 2009 , Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington (New Zealand)
This conference will explore opportunities for the creative and cultural sectors to cross traditional boundaries and collaborate on solutions to address issues facing communities being online now and also how creating and accessing New Zealand digital content benefits all parts of society: business, education, cultural organisations, local communities.
http://ndf.natlib.govt.nz/about/2009-conference.htm
2nd LIBER-EBLIDA Workshop on Digitisation of Library Material in Europe
19 - 21 Oct 2009 , Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), The Hague
LIBER
(Netherlands)
This workshop is organised by LIBER and EBLIDA and will be held at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Topics in the programme are: Public-private partnerships; New economic models; Digitisation needs of research and public libraries; Measuring the impact of digitisation projects; Aggregation of digital content; Interoperability and metadata issues. It follows on from the first workshop held in 2007 in Sweden.
http://www.libereurope.eu/node/391
Archiving 2008
Jun 2008 , Berne, Switzerland (Switzerland)
This conference is the fifth archiving conference sponsored by the Society for Imaging Science and Technology. It will bring together experts in digital archiving, imaging, and digital preservation.
http://www.imaging.org/ist/store/physpub.cfm?seriesid=28&pubid=878
Online abstracts available and full papers and proceedings available for purchase from http://www.imaging.org/store/physpub.cfm?seriesid=28&pubid=878.
Archiving 2009
04 - 07 May 2009 , Arlington, Virginia
Society for Imaging Science & Technology
(United States of America)
This conference will present "expert perspectives on topics such as storage, media and technology obsolescence, sustainable business models, and formats and standards. Techniques for producing, capturing, preserving, indexing, and accessing digital objects and images are explored in depth." Keynotes by Steve Knight (NLNZ), Dan Clancy (Google Book Search) and Clifford Lynch (CNI).
http://www.imaging.org/ist/store/physpub.cfm?seriesid=28&pubid=910
Proceedings (ISBN 978-0-89208-284-1)
New Archiving 2010
01 - 04 Jun 2010 , Koninklijke Bibliotheek, This conference Den Haag, Netherlands
Society for Imaging Sciences and Technology
(Netherlands)
This IS&T conference to be held at the Koninlijke Bibliotheek will focus on creating and managing digital collections, technical processes imaging and workflows, and long-term access stratregies.
http://www.imaging.org/IST/conferences/archiving/
CALIBER 2009 : 7th International Convention on Automation of Libraries in Education and Research Institutions : E-Content Management: Challenges and Strategies
25 - 27 Feb 2009 , Pondicherry University, Puducherry
Information & Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET)
(India)
The 2009 annual CALIBER conference organised by INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network Centre), India's premier library network, which has as its main theme E-content management : challenge and strategie. Subthemes are Digital preservation and digital persistence, Web Content management, Web 2.0/Library 2.0 and E-publishing. Full text papers and presentations available from the programme page.
http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/caliber2009/
Historical Changing Images : the Role of Photographic Collections in a Digital Age : an International SEPIA Conference
18 - 20 Sep 2003 , Finnish Museum of Photography, Helsinki, Finland (Date Created: 2003)
The focus of this conference was on management of photographic collections, increasing access to the photographic heritage, and the problems of preservation (of photographs as well as digital collections). The conference empahsised application of new technology, solutions for issues like scanning requirements, descriptions, searching and metadata, user requirements, inter-operability, digital asset management, financial and organizational aspects, exploitation of collections, copyright etc. The results of the SEPIA project were also presented at the conference. Links to Powerpoint presentations are available - http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/conference.html#papers
http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/conference.html
DIAL '06 : 2nd International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries
27 - 28 Apr 2006 , Lyon (Date Created: 2006) (France)
Topics include Imaging & compression standards for document preservation, guaranteeing authenticity of document images and file formats & representations of document images, as well as OCR. Proceedings available at http://liris.cnrs.fr/dial2006/proceedings.html list papers.
http://liris.cnrs.fr/dial2006/
DISH 2009 : Digital Strategies for Heritage
08 - 10 Dec 2009 , de Doelen in Rotterdam (Netherlands)
This conference will cover digital heritage and the opportunities it offers to cultural organisations under five themes: Strategies for Innovation; Strategies for collaboration; Strategies for the unwired future; Business strategies and Management strategies and will include papers and workshops from professionals in archives, museums, libraries and other heritage institutions. The main organisers are the Netherlands Institute for Heritag and the DEN Foundation.
http://www.dish2009.nl/
EVA/Minerva Jerusalem 2008 Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
11 - 12 Nov 2008 , Maiersdorf Conference Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel)
This 2 day conference will showcase projects being undertaken in Europe and Israel relating to the digital preservation of cultural heritage.
http://www.minervaisrael.org.il/evaminerva2008.html
EVA/MINERVA Jerusalem 2009 Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
10 - 11 Nov 2009 , Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, Jerusalem (Israel)
This 2 day conference is "focused on how advanced technologies are applied to augment the preservation, access, and the dissemination of cultural heritage through advancing education and training in information and communication technologies (ICT). ... projects will be presented relating to the digital preservation of cultural heritage being carried out in Europe and in Israel."
http://www.minervaisrael.org.il/evaminerva2009.html
First RLUK Conference : The Power of Knowledge
22 - 24 Oct 2008 , Leeds
Research Libraries UK (RLUK)
(United Kingdom)
This is the first conference of the Research Libraries UK (RLUK) where the strategic directions of the organisation and the research sector in the UK will be discussed. There will also be a number of presentations on digitisation and digital initiatives.
http://www.rluk.ac.uk/node/497
ICHIM 2004 : Digital Culture and Heritage
31 Aug - 02 Sep 2004 , Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin (Germany)
http://www.ichim.org/ichim04/index.html
New IFLA International Newspaper Conference 2010: Digital Preservation and Access to News and Views
25 - 28 Feb 2010 , Indira Ghandi National Centre for the Arts , New Delhi
Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
(India)
This conference jointly organised by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and IFLA Newspapers Section, aims to share knowledge on how newspaper and media libraries can tackle the duel challenges of preserving print newspapers and dealing with new technologies for managing print and online newspapers. Digital preservation of digital and print resources are included as sub-themes.
http://www.ignca.nic.in/ifla2010/ifla2010.htm
IMPACT Conference 2009 : OCR and Mass Digitisation : Challenges between Full Text, Imaging and Language
06 - 07 Apr 2009 , Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague
IMPACT Project
(Netherlands)
This 2 day conference will focus on exchanging views on OCR of historical text, as well as presenting some preliminary results from the first year of the IMPACT project. It will look at new technology for OCR for mass digitisation of cultural heritage material and future prospects. Proceedings and presentations available.
http://www.impact-project.eu/about-the-project/news/ic2009/
INFuture 2009 : 2nd International Conference on The Future of Information Sciences : Digital Resources and Knowledge Sharing
04 - 06 Nov 2009 , Zagreb, Croatia
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dept of Information Sciences
(Croatia)
This conference organised by the Department of Information Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia is the second in a series of international conferences on basic research and applications of leading advances in the field of information science related to digital resources and knowledge sharing. Call for papers includes human-computer interaction, multimedia, virtual learning environments, e-learning, cultural heritage management, document management, record management, digitization of cultural heritage materials, digitization projects, document management, record management, digital preservation planning, long-term preservation of electronic materials, repositories, mobile communication, (cultural) tourism for new media, best practices and business applications in digital archives, libraries etc., and other related domains.
http://infoz.ffzg.hr/INFuture/
International Conference of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities
01 - 02 Dec 2009 , Taipei, Taiwan
Research Center for Digital Humanities, National Taiwan University
(Taiwan)
This conference organised by the Research Center for Humanities, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Library, aims to explore the ways and methodologies IT impacts and may enhance scholarship in the humanities disciplines. Topics may include: digitalization for preservation and access to cultural heritage; creation of digital collections; cultural impacts of digital archives; applications of text mining; acquisition and analysis of digital data; GIS; and computer based studies in art, music, literature culture and heritage.
http://www.digital.ntu.edu.tw/DADH/indexEN.php
JDCC09: JISC Digital Content Conference 2009
30 Jun - 01 Jul 2009 , Cotswold Water Park Four Pillars Hotel, South Cerney, Gloucestershire
JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee)
(United Kingdom)
This conference aims to discuss and decide the next steps that need to be taken to ensure the sustained integration of digitised content into research and education and the issues facing UK Universities. Themes include Managing Content; Content Development Strategies; Content In Education; User Engagement; Looking Into The Future. Video, audio and presentations available from programme.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/events/2009/06/digitalcontent.aspx
Safekept
Historical Joint RLG and NPO Preservation Conference : Guidelines for Digital Imaging : Conference Papers
28 - 30 Sep 1998 , University of Warwick, Scarman House
Research Libraries Group
(Last Updated: 3 Mar 1999) (United Kingdom) Has papers: Guidelines for Image Capture ; Guidelines vs. Guidance for Digital Imaging: The Opportunity Before Us ; Guidance for Selecting Materials for Digitisation ; Canadian Overview ; Issues and Approaches to Preservation Metadata
Page has links to Conference papers.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file2
391.html
This URL is for index to past publications click on link
Kuopio-3: The Universal Repository Library and Guarantees for the Sustainability of the Digital Copy
29 - 30 Oct 2009 , Kuopio, Finland
IFLA
(Finland)
This conference will explore the requirement for a Universal Repository Library (URL) to provide global ongoing access through digitisation of material which may not be seen as commercially viable for conversion but which still has cultural and research value. The conference is sponsored by the IFLA Acquisition and Collection Development Section and LIBER, Association of European Research Libraries.
http://www.ifla.org/en/events/the-universal-repository-library-and-gua
rantees-for-the-sustainability-of-the-digital-copy
Museum Computer Network 32nd Annual Meeting : MCN 2004 : Great Technology for Collections, Confluence and Community
10 - 13 Nov 2004 , Hilton, Minneapolis, Minnesota (United States of America)
Papers include digitisation projects, digital preservation, metadata, museum websites, intellectual property rights.
http://www.mcn.edu/conference/MCN2004/delegate/mcn2004-d1a.htm
Some presentation slides available from the conference website
NARA 23rd Annual Preservation Conference : Digitizing for Preservation and Access : Past is Prologue
26 Mar 2009 , William McGowan Theatre, Washington D.C.
NARA (National Archives and Records Administration)
(United States of America)
This conference will focus on institutional approaches, case studies, standards and management techniques for digitisation projects and programs that are either underway or already completed with a view to understanding the variety and appropriateness of choices for individual institutions.
http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conferences/2009/
NARA : 18th Annual Preservation Conference : Preservation Reformatting : Digital Technology vs. Analog Technology
27 Mar 2003 , National Archives at College Park, Maryland
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (NARA)
(United States of America)
Contains links to conference proceedings. These papers all tend to debate the choices associated with making digital copies of analogue materials and relate the difficulties associated with maintaining the digital duplicates.
http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conferences/2003/index.html
Unlocking Audio : Sharing Experience of Mass Digitisation
26 - 27 Oct 2007 , British Library Sound Archive
British Library
(United Kingdom)
Unlocking Audio was an international conference exploring the planning and strategies required for the successful execution of large-scale audio digitisation projects, and the technical and practical issues involved. Brochure containing abstracts and presentation recordings (mp3) and some presentation slides available from the web site.
http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/bldept/soundarch/unlockaudio/papers07/unlocki
ngaudio1papers.html

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Organisations and Websites

BCR's CDP Digital Toolbox
Collaborative Digitization Program (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
The Digital Toolbox is designed to guide administrators through the range of questions to ask in the initial planning stages of a digital project. It provides links to general information on digital projects and information on the technical aspects of digitisation. The Collaborative Digitization Program (CDP originally the Colorado Digitization Project) merged with BCR in April 2007.
http://www.bcr.org/cdp/digitaltb/index.html
Historical Canadian Initiative on Digital Libraries
Canadian Initiative on Digital Libraries (Regularly Updated) (Canada)
The Canadian Initiative on Digital Libraries (CIDL) was an alliance of Canadian libraries which promoted, coordinated and facilitated the development of Canadian digital collections and services in order to optimise national interoperability and long-term access to Canadian digital library resources. CIDL was dissolved on 31 March 2007 and was a forerunner of AlouetteCanada.
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/lac-bac/cidl-ef/2007-09-28/cidl/i
ndex-e.html
Clearinghouse of Image Databases and the IMAGELIB listserv archives
Glogoff, S.; The University of Arizona Library (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
This website includes a database which gathered technical and descriptive information about imaging projects as information resources and an associated listserv. The database includes brief descriptions of the projects and provides contact details for further information. The database began in 1994 and submissions were closed in August 2008 as no additions were received for a number of years. The database is still available for searching and the listserv continues.
http://elearn.arizona.edu/imagelib/
CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals
Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation (Date Created: Feb 1993) (United States of America)
CoOL, was formerly a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries (1993-2009). It is a full text library of conservation information, covering a wide spectrum of topics of interest to those involved with the conservation of library, archives and museum materials. It includes sections on electronic media and records. In 2009 after Stanford University Libraries could no longer offer support, it is now operated by the Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation.
http://cool.conservation-us.org/
Creating and Managing Digital Content
Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) (Date Created: 27 Apr 2002) (Canada)
This web site, maintained by the Canadian Heritage Information Network, provides guidance on creating and managing digital resources for heritage projects, including an overview of issues and resources in preservation of digital materials.
http://www.chin.gc.ca/English/Digital_Content/index.html
Digitaal Erfgoed Nederland (DEN)
Digitaal Erfgoed Nederland (DEN) (Date Created: 1999) (Netherlands)
Digitaal Erfgoed Nederland (DEN) or Digital Heritage Netherlands is the Dutch national platform for ICT and heritage. It is sponsored by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Cultural Affairs and Science. DEN maintains an open source information system to assess the quality of digitisation of cultural heritage in the Netherlands which includes an ICT Registry, a Cultural Heritage Projects Bank and ICT profiles of Cultural Heritage Institutions. DEN collates and shares standards on digitisation.
http://www.den.nl
Digital Heritage in Austria
Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture (Regularly Updated) (Austria)
This website provides an overview of Austrian cultural heritage digitisation initiatives, activities and programs. It includes a database of Austrian digitisation projects, activities and organisations and links to good practice guidelines and examples and annual status reports on the state of digitisation of cultural and scientific content in Austria.
http://www.digital-heritage.at/index_e.html
Available in English and German Language versions
Historical Digital Imaging and Preservation Policy Research (DIPPR)
Cornell University Library (Last Updated: 22 May 2002) (United States of America)
The Digital Imaging and Preservation Policy Research team (DIPPR) drew its members from the Department of Preservation and Conservation at the Cornell University Library and was involved in research, implementation, publication and training, with an emphasis on digital preservation and on mainstreaming the results of ongoing research projects into the Cornell University Library. Among the team's activities were research on technical aspects of digital imaging and preservation, digital preservation research through Project Prism, and publication of RLG DigiNews. The Department was disbanded in June 2002 and functions transferrred to the Research Department of IRIS.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/iris/research/dippr.html
Digital Production Centre
Digital Production Centre (Regularly Updated) (Netherlands)
Established at the University of Amsterdam, the Digital Production Centre assists scientists and organisations create, access and archive their online publications. The Centre builds on the outcomes of EUDUBA sponsored projects, and collaborates with the Digital Library Production Service at the University of Michigan and Amsterdam University Press.
http://www.uba.uva.nl/digital_production_centre/home.cfm
Digitization & Preservation Online Resource Center
OCLC (Date Created: 2003)
This web site contains a collection of resources relating to digital preservation issues and initiatives, particularly on those relevant to digitisation projects, including links to copyright, preservation (both traditional and digital) and digitisation workshops and international activities in these areas.
http://digitalcooperative.oclc.org
DLF/OCLC Registry of Digital Masters
OCLC (Date Created: Aug 2006) (United States of America)
This is a joint project of the Digital Library Federation (DLF) and OCLC, the registry provides a trusted service for the communication, coordination, and discovery of information about digital masters, their production, and the availability of use copies. The registry includes both digitally reformatted and born-digital objects. Hosted by OCLC and developed on the basis of recommendations from the DLF Registry of Digital Masters Working Group, the Registry of Digital Masters is a union catalog that uses MARC records to describe digital resources and provide details about their digitization and the preservation intentions of the institutions that are responsible for them. The registry is a subset of WorldCat which can be accessed through FirstSearch
http://www.oclc.org/digitalregistry/
Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative
Library of Congress (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
This web site is a collaborative effort by U.S. federal agencies to define common guidelines, methods, and practices for the digitisation of historical content. Two working groups have been established:the Federal Agencies Still Images Digitization Working Group and the Federal Agencies Audio Visual Working Group.
http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/
IMPACT : Improving Access to Text
IMPACT Project (Date Created: Jan 2008)
This project is aimed at improving access to historical text through removing barriers to mass digitisation in Europe by supporting development of innovative OCR software and linguistic technology tools. The project started 1 January 2008 and will run for 4 years. Partners include seven libraries, six research institutes and two private sector companies and will collectively constitute a Centre of Competence sharing best practice and expertise with cultural heritage communities in Europe. The project is funded under the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission (FP7), Cooperation Work Programme for ICT and is coordinated by the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek).
http://www.impact-project.eu/
JISC Digital Media - Still Images, Moving Images and Sound Advice
JISC Digital Media (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
This website replaces TASI (Technical Advisory Service for Images) with expanded content to provide advice on moving images and sound in addition to still images. Training opportunities and case studies and a Helpdesk for UK HE community are also included.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/
JPEG 2000 in Libraries and Archives
University of Connecticut (Regularly Updated)
The decision to create this Web site arose out the Symposium on the Adoption of JPEG 2000 by Archives and Libraries on November 4-5, 2004. The website allows users to register and post their own information on best practice, articles, projects, and products that use the standard. The website provides access to the Symposium report and project briefing; access to resources by type and focus and access to an associated blog. The website has a companion mailing list discussing the application of JPEG 2000 in libraries and archives.
http://j2karclib.info/
MinervaEurope
MinervaEurope (Regularly Updated)
The objective of the original MINERVA project was to set up a network to provide a focus for the harmonisation of digitisation activities in the European Union. The project aimed to develop an agreed common digitisation platform, and guidelines on digitisation, metadata, long-term accessibility and preservation. The project is led by the Italian Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali. MINERVA is funded by the European Commission as part of the Information Society Technologies (IST) programme. In October 2006 the project was enlarged to MINERVA EC, MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, eContentplus - Supporting the European Digital Library, a Thematic Network in the area of cultural, scientific information and scholarly content.
http://www.minervaeurope.org/
NARA : 18th Annual Preservation Conference : Preservation Reformatting : Digital Technology vs. Analog Technology
27 Mar 2003 , National Archives at College Park, Maryland
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (NARA)
(United States of America)
Contains links to conference proceedings. These papers all tend to debate the choices associated with making digital copies of analogue materials and relate the difficulties associated with maintaining the digital duplicates.
http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conferences/2003/index.html
Historical National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH)
National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) (Last Updated: 2004) (United States of America)
NINCH aimed to ensure the full participation of the cultural sector in the new digitally networked environment. This site was a source of news, announcements of meetings and conferences and further resources.
http://www.ninch.org/
Online Computer Library Center Inc. (OCLC)
Online Computer Library Center Inc [OCLC] (Last Updated: 31 Jul 1999) (United States of America)
Furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs are the goals of OCLC. OCLC is a nonprofit computer service and research organisation whose network and services link more than 30,000 libraries in 65 countries and territories. OCLC services help libraries to locate, acquire, catalogue, access, and lend library materials. In July 2006 OCLC absorbed the Research Libraries Group (RLG).
http://www.oclc.org/home/
OpenRAW : Digital Image Preservation Through Open Documentation
OpenRAW (Regularly Updated)
This website was initiated by a group of digital photographers as a reaction to proprietary raw file formats and the negative impact of these formats on digital preservation and future access. Currently, each manufacturer's format is proprietary and has multiple variations for different camera models. The goal of this organisation is to encourage camera manufacturers to publicly document their RAW image formats.
http://www.openraw.org/
Safekept
Preservation Digital Reformatting Program
The Library of Congress (Date Created: 29 Dec 1999) (United States of America)
This website contains policy information about the integration of digital technology with other options for developing preservation strategies at the Library of Congress. There are links to information about: selection criteria for digital preservation reformatting; digital reformatting principles and specifications; and the management of digital data for long-term accessibility.
http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/presdig/presintro.html
SaveMyMemories.org
International Imaging Industry Association (I3A) (Date Created: 2007)
This web site developed by the International Imaging Industry Association (I3A) provides guidance for preservation, storage and archiving of personal digital photos.
http://www.savemymemories.org/Default.aspx
Scottish Cultural Resources Access Network (SCRAN)
Scottish Cultural Resources Access Network (SCRAN) (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
SCRAN's mission is to create a fully searchable resource base of Scottish material culture and human history. Funded by the Millennium Commission, it works with project partners such as museums, galleries, archives and universities to digitise selected parts of their collections.
http://www.scran.ac.uk/
Historical SEPIA: Safeguarding European Photographic Images for Access
ERPANET (Last Updated: Nov 2003)
This website focuses on the preservation of photographic materials, including issues to consider when digitising a collection. Ten recommendations are given for institutions undertaking digitisation projects. The site also provides links to resources about digital preservation. The Sepia project completed in November 2003.
http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/
Society for Imaging Science and Technology
Society for Imaging Science and Technology (Regularly Updated)
The Society for Imaging Science and Technology is "an international non-profit society whose goal is to keep members aware of the latest scientific and technological developments in the field of imaging through conferences, journals and other publications".
http://www.imaging.org/
Still Images: Managing a Project
JISC Digital Media (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
The project management section of the JISC Digital Media (formerly TASI) website contains a comprehensive set of introductory and detailed case studies covering many aspects of digital project management and advice on copyright. Although focusing on images many issues are relevant to a range of digital projects.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/stillimages/docs/category/managing-a
-project/
Historical Technical Advisory Service for Images (TASI)
TASI (Last Updated: 08 Feb 2009) (United Kingdom)
TASI was a service funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) set up to advise and support the academic community on the digital creation, storage and delivery of image-related information. Its web site ( http://www.tasi.ac.uk/) provided information relevant to those interested in preserving access to digital images and links to other resources. On 9 February 2009 it was rebranded as JISC Digital Media and content was extended to moving images and sound.
textMD Technical Metadata for Text
Library of Congress (Date Created: Oct 2007) (United States of America)
This XML schema has been maintained by the Library of Congress since October 2007. TextMD was originally created by the New York University Digital Library Team. It is endorsed by METS and commonly used as an extension schema with METS adminstrative metadata section but also can be used alone or in the future with PREMIS. The schema is focused on documenting technical metadata for text based objects including OCR files.
http://www.loc.gov/standards/textMD/
Visual Resources Association
(Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
The Visual Resources Association is a non-profit organisation established to further knowledge, research, and education in the field of visual information resources. The diverse membership stays informed about latest technologies, copyright issues, cataloging standards, metadata, scanning, web pages, digital preservation and educational opportunities. It also produces a quarterly Bulletin, annual directory and runs an annual conference and email discussion list. Regional chapters convene local meetings and workshops.
http://www.vraweb.org/

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Online tutorial

Capture Your Collections : Small Museum Version : The Importance Of Planning
Museums and Galleries Online (AMOL) (Date Created: 2001) (Australia; Canada)
This section of the tutorial Capture your collections developed by CHIN and AMOL provides a comprehensive treatment of steps involved in planning for a digitisation project. It also features two worksheet exercises. One helps the user assign tasks to timelines. The other involves analysing the types of items within a collection in order to set digital conversion priorities.
http://hosting.collectionsaustralia.net/capture/course/planning.html
Digitization and Digital Libraries
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and UNESCO (Date Created: 2005)
This tutorial was developed jointly between FAO and UNESCO with the support of the National Centre for Science Information (NCSI) at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). This tutorial, which is self-paced and available on CD, is intended to train librarians and other information specialists in the conceptual and practical skills required for the digitization of collections, and in the creation and provision of access to digital libraries. This module provides 31 lessons covering the creation and sharing of digital library collections. Lessons cover topics such as copyright issues, electronic formats for text and images, metadata and preservation of digital material as well as a comprehensive overview of the creation and management of digital documents.
http://www.imarkgroup.org/moduledescription_en.asp?id=1
DOHM : Digitisation of Heritage Matrials
Long, Andrew Stawowczyk (Date Created: Mar 2008) (Australia)
This training program in digital copying and archiving of still images was developed by the National Library of Australia for small organisations and groups with limited resources. It includes software and workflows tailored specifically for groups with limited budgets.
http://www.nla.gov.au/preserve/dohm/
Moving Theory Into Practice : Digital Imaging Tutorial : Management
Research Dept., Cornell University Library (Date Created: 2003)
This section of the Cornell Digital Imaging Tutorial provides a comprehensive overview of project management issues. It discusses areas such as the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing, the importance of communication and the need to monitor project stages. It also contains an interactive checklist allowing the user to gain a greater understanding of the type of tasks that should occur during each part of a project
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/management/manage
ment-01.html
Moving Theory Into Practice : Digital Imaging Tutorial : Technical Infrastructure : Digitization Chain
Research Dept., Cornell University Library (Last Updated: 2003)
This section of the Cornell tutorial discusses the technical components underpinning a digitisation workflow. It covers image creation (scanners and image processing), file management (tracking and storage), and image delivery (networks, monitors and printers). It describes considerations to be aware of at each stage and offers guidance on decision making. E.g. in thinking about choosing a scanner, questions include 'is the scanner compatible with the documents?', 'can it produce the requisite quality?' and 'can this scanner support the production schedule and conversion budget?'.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/technical/technic
alA-01.html
Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial
Entlich, Richard; Kenney, Anne R; Rieger, Oya Y In: Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives (Last Updated: 15 Sep 2002) (United States of America)
An online digital imaging tutorial developed by the Department of Preservation and Conservation of Cornell University Library as an introduction to the use of digital imaging. Includes sections encompassing all the major aspects of digital imaging: Selection, Conversion, Quality Control, Metadata, Technical Infrastructure, Presentation, Digital Preservation, and Management. It is designed to be self-guided and self-paced, and complementary to the Moving Theory into Practice book and workshop series and includes frequent "reality checks" for evaluating the understanding of the presented material and provides suggestions for further reading.
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/
SaveMyMemories.org
International Imaging Industry Association (I3A) (Date Created: 2007)
This web site developed by the International Imaging Industry Association (I3A) provides guidance for preservation, storage and archiving of personal digital photos.
http://www.savemymemories.org/Default.aspx

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Policies, Strategies & Guidelines

Advice on Still Images : Creating New Digital Media
JISC Digital Media (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
The site from JISC Digital Media (formerly TASI) provides introductory and comprehensive information on a wide variety of topics surrounding the creation of digital images. Topics include colour management, file formats, compression, digital cameras, digitising microfilm and fiche image editing software, quality assurance, and scanners.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/stillimages/docs/category/creating-n
ew-digital-media/
APIS Imaging Standards
Ortiz, Dave; Ast, Rodney (Date Created: Jan 2006) (United States of America)
This document gives guidelines on the imaging standards for the APIS (Advanced Papyrological Information System) Project, a collections-based repository hosting information about and images of papyrological materials (e.g. papyri, ostraca, wood tablets, etc) located in collections around the world. APIS is hosted by Columbia Universities Library Digital Program.
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/projects/digital/apis/imaging_guidelin
es_2006Jan.pdf
Audio Tape Digitisation Workflow: Digitisation Workflow for Analogue Open Reel Tapes
Henriksson. Juha; Wallaszkovits, Nadja (Date Created: Mar 2008)
This concise practical web-based workflow is aimed at people new to the field of audo tape digitisation and includes references to further information.
http://www.jazzpoparkisto.net/audio/
BCR's CDP Digital Imaging Best Practices Version 2.0
BCR's CDP Digital Imaging Best Practices Working Group (Date Created: Jun 2008) (United States of America)
This best practice guideline updates the Western States Digital Imaging Best Practices originally published by the the Colorado Digitization Program in 2003. It is a guide for digitisation in cultural heritage institutions wishing to optimise accessibility and interoperability.
http://www.bcr.org/cdp/best/digital-imaging-bp.pdf
Safekept
Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials
Digital Library Federation (DLF) (Last Updated: Dec 2002)
This document defines a set of minimum characteristics for digital master page images for digitally reformatted monographs and serials, with a view to their quality, long-term access and interoperability across system environments.
http://www.diglib.org/standards/bmarkfin.htm
Best Practice Guidelines for Digital Collections at the University of Maryland Libraries. 2nd ed. draft
Carignan, Yvonne; Evander, Janet; Gueguen, Gretchen; Hanlon, Ann; Murray, Kate; Roper, Jennifer; Ross, Tony; Schreibman, Susan (Date Created: 4 May 2007) (United States of America)
This detailed best practice guideline (81p.) for Maryland University Libraries on all aspects of managing digital collections.
http://www.lib.umd.edu/dcr/publications/best_practice.pdf
Collections Link : Digitise My Collection
Museum Documentation Association (Great Britain) (Last Updated: 2006) (United Kingdom)
Intended as an advisory service for UK museums, libraries and archives the site provides overviews and links to best practice guidelines created by Collections Link and other bodies such as UKOLN and TASI. The digitisation section includes information on planning, best practices and business models.
http://www.collectionslink.org.uk/digitise_my_collection
Historical Coordination of National Digitisation Policies & Programmes
Fernández de la Puente, Concha (Last Updated: 7 Oct 2002)
Providing an overview of the principles for co-ordination of European digitisation efforts, this resource notes the digitisation and preservation issues raised at a meeting of representatives and experts of EU Member States in Lund, Sweden, on April 4, 2001. Links to the Lund principles, Report, draft Action Plan and background documents are also available.
http://www.cordis.lu/ist/ka3/digicult/eeurope-overview.htm
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Creating Digital Resources for the Visual Arts : Standards and Good Practice
Visual Arts Data Service ; TASI (Technical Advisory Service for Images) (Date Created: Feb 2000) (United Kingdom)
This Guide highlights examples of current practice in the creation of digital information in the visual arts domain, and makes recommendations for good practice in data creation, collection, description, delivery and preservation.
http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/guides/creating_guide/contents.html
Cross Media : Sustainability of Digital Collections
JISC Digital Media (Date Created: Feb 2006) (United Kingdom)
This section of JISC Digital Media (formerlyTASI) covers how to plan for and maintain sustainability of digital collections after project completion. The document covers approaches to sustainability such as maintenance, integration and re-purposing. Practical measures for ensuring sustainability are also discussed including the use of standards, QA and documentation. Options for financing sustainability are also canvassed.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/crossmedia/advice/sustainability-of-
digital-collections/
Digital Best Practices : Project Management
Washington State Library (United States of America)
This section of the Washington State Library website provides an introduction to project management issues. It begins with an overview of key topics such as target audience, desired outcomes, and relating aims to needs. The site includes detailed information about costs, staff training, marketing and outsourcing. It also includes project planning checklists.
http://digitalwa.statelib.wa.gov/newsite/projectmgmt/index.htm
Digital Imaging for Photographic Collections : Foundations for Technical Standards
Frey, Franziska S. ; Reilly, James M. (Last Updated: 2006) (United States of America)
This 52-page booklet offers guidelines that cultural institutions may use in their efforts to convert their photographic collections to digital form. It identifies the key issues affecting image quality, clarifies the choices that must be made before embarking on a digitizing project, and explores ways to measure digital image quality. 1st ed. 1999 and 2nd ed. published 2006
http://www.imagepermanenceinstitute.org/shtml_sub/digibook.pdf
Available in print and online at this URL
Digital Lifecycles And File Types : Final Report
Bates, Melanie; Loddington, Steve; Manuel, Sue; Oppenheim, Charles (Date Created: May 2006)
As part of the JISC funded Rights And Rewards In Blended Institutional Repositories Project, this report (60 p.) provides an overview of characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of various types of image and text file formats. It also includes information about managing the lifecycle of a digital item as well as standards and specifications concerning metadata (e.g. Dublin Core and METS). It discusses issues to consider when packaging content (e.g. for loading into a learning management system) and provides an overview of various content packaging tools. It concludes with an introduction to reference models and frameworks used to describe processes managed by repositories and the systems in which they operate.
http://hdl.handle.net/2134/1793
Digital Practice : Guidelines For Digitising Images In NSW Public Libraries
Atkinson, L.; Peppard, J.P.; Practico Pty. Ltd.; State Library of New South Wales; Swinburne Library Information Service (SLIS); Whitehead, D. (Date Created: Jul 2005) (Australia)
Targeted toward public library local studies collections, the publication provides guidance on digitisation of images. Topics include selection, metadata, image resolution, file management and access. Each section provides minimum standards, best practice standards, rationale for recommendations and technical explanations. The guide also contains an image digitisation workflow and glossary of terms.
ISBN: 073137154 2
http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/services/public_libraries/docs/digital.pdf
Digital Preservation Guidance Note 4 : Graphics File Formats. Issue 2
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: Aug 2008) (United Kingdom)
This guidance note issued by The National Archives (TNA) Digital Preservation Department provides advice on the general issues that should be considered by the creators and managers of electronic records when selecting file formats for use with images. Types of graphic format considered include raster graphics, vector graphics and metafiles.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/graphic-file-formats.pdf
DPGN-04. Available in PDF and RTF from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservation/advice/digital.htm
Digital Preservation Guidance Note 5 : Image Compression. Issue 2
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: Aug 2008) (United Kingdom)
This guidance note issued by The National Archives (TNA) Digital Preservation Department provides advice on general issues, which should be considered by the creators and managers of electronic records when considering image compression. The lossiness of the algorithms described and the circumstances in which they are most efficient are considered.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/image-compression.pdf
DPGN-05. Available in PDF and RTF Versions from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservation/advice/digital.htm
Historical Digital Preservation Guidance Note 5: Image Compression
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
"This guidance note issued by National Archives (UK) provides advice on general issues which should be considered by the creators and managers of electronic records when considering image compression." Superseded by Version 2 August 2008.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/image_compression.pdf
Available as PDF and RTF from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/preservation/advice/digital.htm
Digital Standards Bibliography, Version 2.0 : Exposure Draft
Collections Council of Australia Ltd (Date Created: 18 Nov 2008) (Australia)
This bibliography is a revised version of a preliminary list of standards and guidelines that inform and assist the creation and management of digital collections which was originally published as part of the Collection Council of Australia’s Summit on Digital Collections: Working Papers in August 2007. Comments are required on this exposure draft by 31 December 2008.
http://www.collectionscouncil.com.au/Portals/0/Digital%20standards%20b
ibliography,%20Version%202.0,%20Exposure%20Draft,%2018%20Nov.pdf
Digitisation Strategy 2008-2011
British Library (Date Created: Aug 2008) (United Kingdom)
This document outlines the British Library's digitisation strategy for three years (2008-2011).
http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolprog/digi/digitisation/digistrategy/i
ndex.html
DOHM : Digitisation of Heritage Matrials
Long, Andrew Stawowczyk (Date Created: Mar 2008) (Australia)
This training program in digital copying and archiving of still images was developed by the National Library of Australia for small organisations and groups with limited resources. It includes software and workflows tailored specifically for groups with limited budgets.
http://www.nla.gov.au/preserve/dohm/
Historical Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections
IMLS Forum (Date Created: Dec 2001)
This report, by members of the IMLS Forum, offers a framework for the development of good digital collections, based on sets of principles for 4 entities: collections, objects, metadata and projects. Principles include a strong collection development policy base, interoperability, sustainability of both collections and the objects themselves, use of persistent identifiers, appropriate metadata and respect for intellectual property rights. A typology of object formats is also presented. The 2nd edition was published in 2004 and the 3rd ed. in Dec 2007.
http://web.archive.org/web/20041230095142/http://www.imls.gov/pubs/for
umframework.htm
Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections : 3rd Edition 2007
NISO Framework Working Group (Date Created: Dec 2007) (United States of America)
The framework has three purposes - an overview of major components and activities; identification of existing resources and encouraging community participation in ongoing development in good digital collection building. The document provides criteria for "goodness" around four entities: collections; objects (digital materials); metadata and initiatives. This third edition recognises born digital as well as digitised material.
http://www.niso.org/publications/rp/framework3.pdf
Available in pdf
Guidelines For Digitization : Project Management
North Carolina ECHO (Project) (Last Updated: 2007) (United States of America)
This chapter of the North Carolina Echo's Guidelines for Digitization discusses the importance of project management. It identifies and describes key processes undertaken once the initial planning stage is complete. Project management involves implementing the project plan, developing timelines, tracking progress, revising goals and strategies in the face of unforseen issues, task assignment, developing workflows and procedures and evaluating outcomes.
http://www.ncecho.org/dig/guide_10management.shtml
2007 rev. ed.
Guidelines For Digitization : Project Planning
North Carolina ECHO (Project) (Last Updated: 2007)
This chapter of the North Carolina Echo's Guidelines for Digitization discusses the importance of project planning. It identifies and describes key processes such as setting goals, appreciating needs, estimating costs and evaluating outcomes. The plan provides an essential roadmap for understanding what is to be accomplished, why the project is needed, how the project will be funded, when particular tasks need to be completed and how to measure success.
http://www.ncecho.org/dig/guide_1planning.shtml
2007 Rev. ed.
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Historical Guidelines On Best Practices For Using Electronic Information
European Commission (DLM Forum) (Date Created: 1997)
These multidisciplinary guidelines (61 p.), developed at the 1996 DLM Forum, help to define short and medium-term strategies for managing and preserving electronic information.
ISBN: 92-828-2285-0
http://dlmforum.typepad.com/gdlines.pdf
Historical Guides to Quality in Visual Resource Imaging
D'Amato, Donald P.; Frey, Franziska; Serenson Colet, Linda; Williams, Don (Date Created: Jul 2000) (United States of America)
A set of five guides written in conjunction with the Digital Library Federation, Council on Library and Information Resources, and Research Libraries Group to identify imaging technologies and practices for visual resources. Practical information is offered on planning a project, selecting a scanner, factors affecting image quality, measuring quality of digital masters, and file formats for master files. This is not a static publication, but will be updated periodically to keep it up-to-date with current standards and best practices.
http://www.diglib.org/pubs/dlf091/
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Historical Handbook for Digital Projects : A Management Tool for Preservation and Access
Sitts, Maxine K (Ed) (Date Created: Dec 2000) (United States of America)
A web resource providing information on the issues surrounding the digital conversion of collection materials. With contributions from many of the School for Scanning series presenters, it provides information on project selection and management, technical and copyright considerations, digital longevity and includes commentary on the transformation in scholarly access and preservation tenets required to fully utilize and maintain digital images.
ISBN: 0-9634685-4-5
http://www.nedcc.org/resources/digitalhandbook/dman.pdf
also available as a print copy.
Handbook of Cost Reduction in Digitisation
Tanner, Simon (Date Created: Sep 2006)
This document developed under the framework of the MINERVA network provides guidance on reducing costs in digitisation projects. Reducing labour costs, increasing productivity, throughput and efficiency and adding value by improving quality and the use of automation at every stage are recommended.
http://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/CostReductioninDigitisation_
v1_0610.pdf
Available in PDF and in print (see http://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/costreduction.htm)
Introduction To Imaging : Project Planning
Besser, Howard
This section of the Getty Trust's Introduction To Imaging provides a concise overview of project management topics including legal issues, workflow and ensuring an understanding of user requirements. The coverage of some areas is quite brief while particular sections are expanded through pointers to other parts of the website.
http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/introimage
s/planning.html
Introduction To Imaging : Selecting Scanners
Besser, Howard
This section of the Getty guide Introduction to Imaging provides a concise illustrated overview of different types of scanners. It includes an introduction to the technology, equipment features and guidance on how to approach choosing a scanner.
http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/introimage
s/scanners.html
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Historical Managing the Digitisation of Library, Archive and Museum Materials
National Preservation Office (UK) (Date Created: 10 Dec 2001) (United Kingdom)
This leaflet by the National Preservation Office of the United Kingdom provides library, archive and museum professionals with an introduction to the management of digitisation projects and digital image archives. Topics covered include the project development, justification and scope, material selection, project planning, and management of the project and the digital images, including preservation.
http://www.bl.uk/npo/pdf/digitisation.pdf
Printed copies are also available by contacting the National Preservation Office
Managing Your Photographs: The Basics
Digital Preservation Europe (Date Created: Apr 2009)
This guide has been developed for photographers (professional and amateur) and small photo studios wanting to control photographs and corresponding information. It provides guidance on management, storage, access & security, records management, and digital preservation.
http://www.digitalpreservationeurope.eu/publications/reports/D2_4_Tail
ored_version_of_the_records_management_module.pdf
D2.4 Tailored version of the records Management and Long term Access Module for the Photography Sector
National Library of Australia Collection Digitisation Policy 2006
National Library of Australia (Date Created: May 2000) (Australia)
The Policy sets out the principles behind the Library's digitisation activities, and identifies the primary purpose of these activities as enhancing access to the Library's collections, while assisting the preservation of rare and fragile items. In addition, the Policy provides details on the criteria the Library will use in selecting items for digitisation, and about access to digitised collections.
http://www.nla.gov.au/policy/digitisation.html
Historical NINCH Guide to Good Practice in the Digital Representation and Management of Cultural Heritage Materials.
Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute (HATII); National Institute for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH); University of Glasgow (Date Created: 01 Oct 2002)
A guide developed by an expert working group on current best practice on the capture, preservation and management of digitised and networked digital resources. The guide provides a useful chapter on digital preservation. The National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) was active 1997-2003.
http://www.nyu.edu/its/humanities/ninchguide/index.html
PDF version also available from http://www.ninch.org/guide.pdf
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Historical NISO Data Dictionary - Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
National Information Standards Organisation (NISO) (Date Created: 1 Jun 2002)
Released as a Draft for Trial Use over the period 1 June 2002 to 31 December 2003, this NISO document (NISO Z39.87-2002, AIIM 20-2002) has been produced "to facilitate the development of applications to validate, manage, migrate and otherwise process images of enduring value" and "to facilitate interoperability between systems, services and software, as well as to support the long-term management of and continuing access to digital image collections". A corresponding XML schema to assist in implementation is available at: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mix. The final standard was published in December 2006.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070205142416/http://www.niso.org/standard
s/resources/Z39_87_trial_use.pdf
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Historical nof-digitise Technical Standards and Guidelines
People's Network Development Team (Last Updated: Feb 2003) (United Kingdom)
A technical guide for digitisation projects developed by UKOLN and Resource : The Council for Museums, Archives & Libraries for the New Opportunities Fund. The guide adopted a life-cycle approach and outlined the successive stages in the creation, development, management, access and re-use of digital information. Issues such as preservation, interoperability and accessibility were addressed. In 2004 these guidelines were superseded by MINERVA Technical Guidelines http://www.minervaeurope.org/publications/technicalguidelines.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20041207200543/http://www.peoplesnetwork.go
v.uk/content/technical.asp
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Preservation Digital Reformatting Program
The Library of Congress (Date Created: 29 Dec 1999) (United States of America)
This website contains policy information about the integration of digital technology with other options for developing preservation strategies at the Library of Congress. There are links to information about: selection criteria for digital preservation reformatting; digital reformatting principles and specifications; and the management of digital data for long-term accessibility.
http://lcweb.loc.gov/preserv/prd/presdig/presintro.html
Preserving State Government Digital Information: Retrospective Digitization White Paper and Resources
Minnesota Historical Society (Date Created: 31 Mar 2009) (United States of America)
This white paper and detailed resource list, have been prepared as part of an NDIIPP funded project. They provide an introduction to retrospective digitization of government records and include sections on: Legal requirements; Cost justification; In-house vs. outsourcing processes; Standard file formats: Resolution requirements: File naming guidelines; Metadata and indexing; Storage options; Preservation strategies; Disposition of originals; and,Developing a long-term program. Resource list available as Appendix A and as separate download.
http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/records/legislativerecords/digitization.h
tm
Documents available for download in PDF.
Recognizing Digitization as a Preservation Reformatting Method
Arthur, Kathleen; Byrne, Sherry; Long, Elisabeth; Montori, Carla Q.; Nadler, Judith (Date Created: Jun 2004) (United States of America)
In this document prepared for the ARL Preservation of Research Library Materials Committee, the Association of Research Libraries endorses digitisation as an acceptable preservation reformatting method providing standards and best practices are followed, policies are established and the commitment and capacity for long term preservation of digital objects is developed.
http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/digi_preserv.pdf
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Safeguarding Australia's web resources: guidelines for creators and publishers
National Library of Australia (Date Created: Dec 2000) (Australia)
"The guidelines provide advice on creating, describing, naming and managing web resources to facilitate their ongoing use. The practices that are recommended will make it easier to carry out future preservation actions, which may be necessary in the longer term to maintain continued access to important resources."
http://www.nla.gov.au/guidelines/webresources.html
Short Guidelines for Video Digitisation
Pavuza, Franz (Date Created: Aug 2008)
This brief guideline (8 p.) provides practical advice on procedures for digitisation of videotapes and includes a useful list of references (3 p.).
http://www.tape-online.net/Short_Guidelines_Video_Digitisation.pdf
Still Images: Managing a Project
JISC Digital Media (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
The project management section of the JISC Digital Media (formerly TASI) website contains a comprehensive set of introductory and detailed case studies covering many aspects of digital project management and advice on copyright. Although focusing on images many issues are relevant to a range of digital projects.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/stillimages/docs/category/managing-a
-project/
Historical A Strategic Policy Framework for Creating and Preserving Digital Collections (Version 4.0)
Beagrie, Neil; Greenstein, Daniel (Date Created: 14 Jul 1998) (United Kingdom)
This study (67 p.) presents thirteen recommendations in the areas of long-term digital preservation, standards, the policy framework, and future research. Six case studies highlight some of the real-life considerations concerning digital preservation. It was replaced by version 5 in 2001.
http://web.archive.org/web/20000816025312/ahds.ac.uk/manage/framework.
htm
Archived by the Internet Archive.
Historical Strategic Policy Framework for Creating and Preserving Digital Collections (Version 5.0)
Beagrie, Neil; Greenstein, Daniel; Pressler, Christopher (Date Created: Jul 2001) (United Kingdom)
This study presents fourteen recommendations in the areas of long-term digital preservation, standards, the policy framework, and future research. Six case studies highlight some of the real-life considerations concerning digital preservation.
http://ahds.ac.uk/strategic.pdf
Strategy for Digitizing Archival Materials for Public Access 2007-2016
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (Date Created: May 2008) (United States of America)
This document sets out the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) strategy for the ten year period (2007-2016). It discusses NARA's digitizing objectives and approach and includes NARA Principles for Partnerships to Digitize Archival Materials.
http://www.archives.gov/digitization/strategy.html
Sustainability of Digital Formats : Planning for Library Of Congress Collections : Still Images
Library of Congress (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
The site operates as a technical information source on digital file formats. The information is intended to aid decision-making on options for long-term preservation of digital content. The site makes recommendations and gives reasons why some formats are preferable to others in terms of their capacity to support long-term access to content. This is a comprehensive information source produced by an organisation committed to maintaining and updating information about preservation of digital content.
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/still.shtml
Technical Guidelines For Digitizing Archival Materials for Electronic Access: Creation of Production Master Files - Raster Images
Puglia, Steven; Reed, Jeffrey; Rhodes, Erin (Date Created: Jun 2004) (United States of America)
Targeted toward archives and other preservation agencies, this publication provides guidance on creation of high quality master images from which surrogates might be generated for distribution, online display or printing. Detailed technical guidelines are provided for digitisation of text, artworks, maps, plans, photographs, and objects. Topics include metadata, file formats, quality control and digital image capture.
http://www.archives.gov/preservation/technical/guidelines.html
PDF of guidelines and matrix available for download from this web page.
textMD Technical Metadata for Text
Library of Congress (Date Created: Oct 2007) (United States of America)
This XML schema has been maintained by the Library of Congress since October 2007. TextMD was originally created by the New York University Digital Library Team. It is endorsed by METS and commonly used as an extension schema with METS adminstrative metadata section but also can be used alone or in the future with PREMIS. The schema is focused on documenting technical metadata for text based objects including OCR files.
http://www.loc.gov/standards/textMD/
Historical Western States Digital Imaging Best Practices
Collaborative Digitization Program (Last Updated: 22 May 2003) (United States of America)
The guide provides information on image capture, presentation, storage, and preservation for text, photographs, maps and other graphic materials. It contains guidance on scanning and file formats, hardware, software, quality control and colour management. It includes a set of general principles underpinning recommendations throughout the guide. These include scanning at a level of quality that will meet requirements and avoid the need to rescan in the future. As well as technical topics, there is information on staffing, training, costs and how to approach the issue of whether to scan inhouse or outsource to a vendor. The guide was superceded by BCR's CDP Digital Imaging Best Practices version 2 in June 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060228101524/www.cdpheritage.org/digital/
scanning/documents/WSDIBP_v1.pdf

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Projects and Case Studies

American Memory : Building Digital Collections : Technical Information
Library of Congress (Last Updated: Jun 2000) (United States of America)
This site contains background and technical information about the Library of Congress' program to digitise and provide access to the historical Americana holdings at the Library of Congress, including photographs, manuscripts, rare books, maps, recorded sound, and moving pictures.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/about/techIn.html
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Arts and Humanities Data Service case studies
AHDS (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
Full index to, and texts of, case studies undertaken by the AHDS. The studies report on different aspects of digitisation, including project management and preservation issues.
http://ahds.ac.uk/casestudies.htm
Case Study : Lessons Learned through digitizing the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research Collection
Hatfield, Amy J.; Kelley, Shana D. (Date Created: Jul 2007) (United States of America)
This paper presents a case study in digitisation that illustrates the challenges of transforming a historical collection to a digital collection while attempting to retain the look and feel of the original historical materials at the Bioethics Digital Library. The Bioethics Digital Library is a collaboration between The Indiana University Center for Bioethics (IUCB) and the Ruth Lilly Medical Library (RLML), Indiana University School of Medicine.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1924953#i153
6-5050-095-03-0267-bedl1
Journal of the Medical Library Association 2007 July, 95(3): 267-270 and through PubMed
Copyright Investigation Summary Report
Arcolio, Arnold; Malpas, Constance; Proffitt, Merrilee (Date Created: Mar 2008) (United States of America)
This report summarises interviews of 8 RLG partner institutions held between August and September 2007 regarding their current methods of obtaining copyright permissions for mass digitization projects or access to digitized materials.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/publications/2008-01.pdf
Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM)
DIAMM (Regularly Updated)
A collaborative project of the University of Oxford and Royal Holloway, University of London, the Digital Archive of Medieval Music has been established as a permanent electronic archive of European medieval polyphonic music. Also developed in consultation with the Arts and Humanities Data Service, the DIAMM project outcome emphasises the permanent preservation of digital images.
http://www.diamm.ac.uk/
Digital Image Asset Management at the National Gallery of Art (US)
Dueker, Peter; Newman, Alan In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2006) (United States of America)
This article provides an overview of the National Gallery of Art's digital asset management strategy and system.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file1
650.html#article2
Digital Lifecycles And File Types : Final Report
Bates, Melanie; Loddington, Steve; Manuel, Sue; Oppenheim, Charles (Date Created: May 2006)
As part of the JISC funded Rights And Rewards In Blended Institutional Repositories Project, this report (60 p.) provides an overview of characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of various types of image and text file formats. It also includes information about managing the lifecycle of a digital item as well as standards and specifications concerning metadata (e.g. Dublin Core and METS). It discusses issues to consider when packaging content (e.g. for loading into a learning management system) and provides an overview of various content packaging tools. It concludes with an introduction to reference models and frameworks used to describe processes managed by repositories and the systems in which they operate.
http://hdl.handle.net/2134/1793
Digitizing Dissertations for an Institutional Repository : A Process and Cost Analysis
Palmer, Lisa A.; Piorun, Mary (Date Created: Jul 2008) (United States of America)
"This paper describes the Lamar Soutter Library's process and costs associated with digitizing 300 doctoral dissertations for a newly implemented institutional repository at the University of Massachusetts Medical School."
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2479051
Journal of the Medical Library Association, 2008 July, 96(3):223-229 and through PubMed
EVA: European Visual Archive
(Last Updated: 2006)
This project focused on the provision of easy access to the integrated collections and information held in European archives. Among other aspects, the project investigated issues surrounding preserving access to digital resources including "archival standards" and methods of describing resources. The project ran 2003 to 2004 but from July 2006 the EVAMP system was no longer available. The website contains some information about the project. The Internet Archive has earlier versions of some of the web site pages, however the archive content is not searchable see http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://eva-eu.org/
IMPACT : Improving Access to Text
IMPACT Project (Date Created: Jan 2008)
This project is aimed at improving access to historical text through removing barriers to mass digitisation in Europe by supporting development of innovative OCR software and linguistic technology tools. The project started 1 January 2008 and will run for 4 years. Partners include seven libraries, six research institutes and two private sector companies and will collectively constitute a Centre of Competence sharing best practice and expertise with cultural heritage communities in Europe. The project is funded under the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission (FP7), Cooperation Work Programme for ICT and is coordinated by the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek).
http://www.impact-project.eu/
JSTOR (Journal Storage): The Scholarly Journal Archive
JSTOR Journal Storage (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
One of JSTOR's aims is to build a reliable and comprehensive archive of important scholarly journal literature. Back issues of paper journals have been converted into electronic formats allowing savings in space (and in capital costs associated with that space) while simultaneously improving access to the journal content. It is also hoped that the project may offer a solution to preservation problems associated with storing paper volumes.
http://www.jstor.org/
A Marathon Not a Sprint : Lessons Learnt From the First Decade of Digitisation at the National Library of Wales
Jones, R. Arwel (Date Created: 2008) (United Kingdom)
This article is an overview of developments in digitisation policy and practice at the National Library of Wales 1995-2007.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/article?title=marathon&title_type
=tka&author=jones&year_from=2003&year_to=2008&database=1&pageSize=20&i
ndex=1
Program: electronic library and information systems, ISSN 0033-0337, vol. 42 no. 2 , 2008 pp 97-114 and by subscription to Emeral Insight.
NUMERIC
(Date Created: Apr 2007)
NUMERIC was a 2 year project of the European Commission ending in April 2009 that aims" to develop and test a framework and associated methods for collecting and analysing data relating to digitisation activities of materials held by libraries, archives and museums in the EU. The measures relate to the costs to the institutions concerned, and the progress made towards both preserving and making their materials accessible on-line."
http://www.numeric.ws/
Old Maps Online : Open-source, Antique Maps & Historical Documents
Old Maps Online (Date Created: May 2008) (Czech Republic)
This 4 year project (2008-2011) aims to develop freely available/open source tools and methodologies to allow libraries, archives and museums to publish scanned old maps in both GIS and a user friendly, standards based way. The project is supported by the Moravian Library in Brno with financial support from the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic as a R&D project# DC08P02OUK006.
http://blog.oldmapsonline.org/
Project Saaga - Case Study
Terav, Martin (Date Created: May 2006) (Estonia)
This article describes the Estonian Heritage Archives digitisation project Saaga (www.eha.ee/saaga ) which is digitising microfilm of genealogical interest. While the primary purpose is to increase access, preservation is an offshoot and taking into account digital preservation requirements is considered good practice.
http://archive.ifla.org/VI/4/news/ipnn38.pdf
In International Preservation News No 38, May 2006 pp 22-23. In English with summaries in French & Spanish
Sustaining Digital Resources: An On-the-Ground View of Projects Today
Loy, Matthew; Maron, Nancy L.; Smith, K. Kirby (Date Created: Jul 2009)
Prepared for the Ithaka Case Studies in Sustainability project, this study follows on from the Sustainability and Revenue Models for Online Academic Resources (Guthrie, Griffiths and Maron, 2008) report. This study looks at the sustainability of digital projects developing online academic resources through 12 case studies in the U.S., UK, France, Germany and Egypt. Diverse business models including costs, decision making models and adaptability to changing circumstances are presented.
http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r/strategy/ithaka-case-studies-in-susta
inability
Full report including case studies (134p.), or final report (40 p.) and individual case studies available for separate PDF downloads.

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Bibliographies

Digital imaging
Preservation Department, Stanford University Libraries In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
This site contains links to references about digital imaging; some references include consideration of the preservation aspects of this topic.
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/imaging/
Digital Standards Bibliography, Version 2.0 : Exposure Draft
Collections Council of Australia Ltd (Date Created: 18 Nov 2008) (Australia)
This bibliography is a revised version of a preliminary list of standards and guidelines that inform and assist the creation and management of digital collections which was originally published as part of the Collection Council of Australia’s Summit on Digital Collections: Working Papers in August 2007. Comments are required on this exposure draft by 31 December 2008.
http://www.collectionscouncil.com.au/Portals/0/Digital%20standards%20b
ibliography,%20Version%202.0,%20Exposure%20Draft,%2018%20Nov.pdf
Internet Public Library Pathfinder: Digitization
Neal, Larry P (Last Updated: Apr 2008)
An Internet Public Library Pathfinder on digitisation, listing both online and printed resources for digitisation projects, including a glossary, guidelines and topics such as scanning and storage, metadata, preservation and copyright.
http://www.ipl.org/div/pf/entry/48463
Preserving State Government Digital Information: Retrospective Digitization White Paper and Resources
Minnesota Historical Society (Date Created: 31 Mar 2009) (United States of America)
This white paper and detailed resource list, have been prepared as part of an NDIIPP funded project. They provide an introduction to retrospective digitization of government records and include sections on: Legal requirements; Cost justification; In-house vs. outsourcing processes; Standard file formats: Resolution requirements: File naming guidelines; Metadata and indexing; Storage options; Preservation strategies; Disposition of originals; and,Developing a long-term program. Resource list available as Appendix A and as separate download.
http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/records/legislativerecords/digitization.h
tm
Documents available for download in PDF.

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Glossaries

Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative : Glossary of Terms
Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
Searchable glossary of digitization-related terms compiled for use of U.S. Federal Agencies.
http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/glossary.php
Lexical and Classification Resources
Stanford University Libraries In: CoOL Conservation OnLine : Resources for Conservation Professionals (Regularly Updated)
This page offers dictionaries, thesauri, classification schemes, and related matter primarily of use to those managing preservation libraries, imaging projects, etc.
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/lex/
Photography / Imaging Glossary
Forget, Mark
This A-Z glossary gives descriptions of terms for principles, processes and equipment from both traditional photography and digital imaging fields.
http://www.digitalexposure.ca/sub1.html

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Journals & Newsletters

AHDS Guides to Good Practice
AHDS ( Arts and Humanities Data Service) (Last Updated: 31 Mar 2008)
These guides providing the arts and humanities research and teaching communities with practical instruction in applying recognised standards and good practice to the creation and use of digital resources. Some of the Guides focus on methods and applications relevant to humanities disciplines, such as history, archaeology, visual arts, performing arts and textual and linguistic studies. Others address those areas which cross disciplinary boundaries.
ISSN: 1463-5194
http://ahds.ac.uk/creating/guides/index.htm
e-Culture : a newsletter on cultural content and digital heritage
CORDIS (Community Research and Development Information Service), European Commission (Regularly Updated)
A newsletter of the Information Society Technologies (IST) Programme of the European Commission. Includes updates of ISTactivities, project reports and news of associated events and websites.
http://www.cordis.lu/ist/digicult/newsletter.htm
RLG DigiNews
Research Libraries Group (Regularly Updated)
RLG DigiNews was a bi-monthly newsletter from the Research Libraries Group (RLG) providing information on digital initiatives with a preservation component or rationale, on image conversion and digital archiving projects, and current announcements. RLG DigiNews ceased with last issue 15 April 2007. Back issues are now available from OCLC.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/publications/newsletters/diginews.htm

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Discussion Lists

Clearinghouse of Image Databases and the IMAGELIB listserv archives
Glogoff, S.; The University of Arizona Library (Regularly Updated) (United States of America)
This website includes a database which gathered technical and descriptive information about imaging projects as information resources and an associated listserv. The database includes brief descriptions of the projects and provides contact details for further information. The database began in 1994 and submissions were closed in August 2008 as no additions were received for a number of years. The database is still available for searching and the listserv continues.
http://elearn.arizona.edu/imagelib/
history-digitisation
JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
This discussion list is concerned with the digitisation of historical material.
http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/history-digitisation.html
JISC Digital Media Blog
JISC Digital Media (Date Created: Sep 2008) (United Kingdom)
This blog replaces the former TASI Lightbox. JISC Digital Media provides advice on still images, moving images and sound, the blog provides an update on available advice, training opportunities and related developments.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/blog/
Historical TASI Lightbox
TASI (Last Updated: 2009)
This blog which was available at http://www.tasi.ac.uk/blog/ featured news, projects, resources and organisations from the digital imaging world. It was published by TASI (Technical Advisory Service for Images). On 9 Feb 2009 TASI was re-branded JISC Digital Media and a new blog JISC Digital Media Blog launched.

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Surveys

An analysis of the State-of-the-art in Measuring the Progress of Digitisation of Cultural Materials: Desk Research Findings Report
Manzuch, Zinaida (Date Created: 10 Sep 2007)
This report of the NUMERIC study analyses a number of surveys related to digitisation in Europe and worldwide. It aims to identify and evaluate trends, experiences and pitfalls in measuring digitisation, to assist design and development of frameworks to monitor progress in digitsation.
http://www.numeric.ws/uploaded_files/NUMERIC_Desktop_Research_on_Digit
isation_Studies26102007114936.pdf
Digital Heritage Preservation in Botswana: Problems and Prospects
Kalusopa, Trywell; Zulu, Saul (Date Created: Mar 2009) (Africa)
This article reports the findings of a study into the state of digital preservation in Botswana which was undertaken as part of a UNESCO Digital Heritage Preservation Project on the state of digital material preservation in Africa. The study focused on document production; digital heritage material preservation;. selection criteria used; digitisation standards; storage of digital resources and digital heritage materials; access; staffing and training for digitisation; policy and responsibility; and future digital material preservation plans.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/01604950910971125
Collection Building ISSN 0160-4953, 28/3 pp: 98-107
Implementation of the Commission Recommendation on Digitisation and Online Accessibility of Cultural Material and Digital Preservation : Member States Reports
European Commission (Date Created: 15 Apr 2008)
Reports from member states in response to the Commission Recommendation on Digitisation and Online Accessibility of Cultural Material and Digital Preservation which was issued on 24 August 2006 and monitored by the Member States Expert Group. Responses which were required by February 2008 and published in April 2008 indicate progress on digitisation, accessibility and digital preservation in 27 member states, 3 EEA EFTA states and include a voluntary submission by Israel.
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/e
xperts/mseg/reports/index_en.htm
Reports for each member state available for download in PDF.
Quality Assurance for Digital Heritage in Europe : Final Report
Digitaal Erfgoed Nederland (DEN) (Date Created: 03 Dec 2007)
This report (57 p) prepared by the Centre of Expertise (HEC) was commissioned by Digitaal Erfgoed Nederland (DEN, Digital Heritage Netherlands) to investigate quality assurance of digitisation in twelve European Union Member States (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The research conducted between August and November 2007 based on desk based research and telephone interviews, looked at government policies, specific sector policies, standardisation, cross border initiatives for quality assurance in digitisation, instruments used and how knowledge and best practices are shared.
http://www.den.nl/docs/20071218221955/
Available for download as PDF.
Status of Technology and Digitization in the Nation's Museums and Libraries
Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) (Date Created: Jan 2006) (United States of America)
This report (153 p.) details the findings of a survey conducted by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) in 2004 which investigated the use of technology and digitisation in U.S. libraries (public, academic and state), archives and museums. This was the second study and comparison is made with the results of the earlier study undertaken in 2001.
http://www.imls.gov/resources/TechDig05/Technology%2BDigitization.pdf
Survey of Record-Keeping Practices of Photographers using Digital Technology
Bushey, Jessica (Date Created: 28 Aug 2005)
This survey is part of the InterPARES 2 focus area on artistic activities. Digital photography is used in many areas including for artistic, industrial, scientific, medical and e-government purposes. The survey’s objectives are to gather data relating to the types of records that are produced by professional photographers using digital technology, their assumptions regarding the access to their records over the long-term and the nature and variety of digital imagery and record-keeping systems they use. The analysis of the data will provide the basis for the production of guidelines for digital photography which will be written by InterPARES.
http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=ip2_digital_photo_recor
dkeeping_report.pdf

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Related Topics: Data documentation & standards | Digital Preservation Tools | Digital libraries | Digital records | Formats & Media | General Resources | ICADS (IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Digital Strategies) | Intellectual property rights management | Issues | Management | National Approaches | Strategies

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